{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:24:58Z","timestamp":1766067898081,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Terry Fox Research Institute","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]},{"name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]},{"name":"Cancer Research Society","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health\/National Cancer Institute","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Center at Weill Cornell Medical Center","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]},{"name":"MSKCC","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]},{"name":"The Strategic Training in Transdisciplinary Radiation Science for the 21st Century","award":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253383","UL1TR00457","STARS21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DNA methylation is a fundamental mechanism of epigenetic control in cells and its dysregulation is strongly implicated in cancer development. Cancers possess an extensively hypomethylated genome with focal regions of hypermethylation at CPG islands. Due to the highly conserved nature of cancer-specific methylation, its detection in cell-free DNA in plasma using liquid biopsies constitutes an area of interest in biomarker research. The advent of next-generation sequencing and newer computational technologies have allowed for the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that utilize methylation profiling to diagnose disease and stratify risk. Methylome-based predictive biomarkers can determine the response to anti-cancer therapy. An additional emerging application of these biomarkers is in minimal residual disease monitoring. Several key challenges need to be addressed before cfDNA-based methylation biomarkers become fully integrated into practice. The first relates to the biology and stability of cfDNA. The second concerns the clinical validity and generalizability of methylation-based assays, many of which are cancer type-specific. The third involves their practicability, which is a stumbling block for translating technologies from bench to clinic. Future work on developing pan-cancer assays with their respective validities confirmed using well-designed, prospective clinical trials is crucial in pushing for the greater use of these tools in oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T04:56:59Z","timestamp":1705381019000},"page":"482-500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Plasma Cell-Free Tumor Methylome as a Biomarker in Solid Tumors: Biology and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7400-8078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle Benedict","family":"Sacdalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5488-0792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Ul Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3675-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin H.","family":"Lok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Room 15-701, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01382-9","article-title":"Gene Body Methylation in Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. 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