{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:45:28Z","timestamp":1775627128924,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Disruptive Technologies Innovation Fund (DTIF)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluorescence-guided oncology promises to improve both the detection and treatment of malignancy. We sought to investigate the temporal distribution of indocyanine green (ICG), an exogenous fluorophore in human colorectal cancer. This analysis aims to enhance our understanding of ICG\u2019s effectiveness in current tumour detection and inform potential future diagnostic and therapeutic enhancements. Methods: Fifty consenting patients undergoing treatment for suspected\/confirmed colorectal neoplasia provided near infrared (NIR) video and imagery of transanally recorded and ex vivo resected rectal lesions following intravenous ICG administration (0.25 mg\/kg), with a subgroup providing tissue samples for microscopic (including near infrared) analysis. Computer vision techniques detailed macroscopic \u2018early\u2019 (&lt;15 min post ICG administration) and \u2018late\u2019 (&gt;2 h) tissue fluorescence appearances from surgical imagery with digital NIR scanning (Licor, Lincoln, NE, USA) and from microscopic analysis (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) undertaken by a consultant pathologist detailing tissue-level fluorescence distribution over the same time. Results: Significant intra-tumoural fluorescence heterogeneity was seen \u2018early\u2019 in malignant versus benign lesions. In all \u2018early\u2019 samples, fluorescence was predominantly within the tissue stroma, with uptake within plasma cells, blood vessels and lymphatics, but not within malignant or healthy glands. At \u2018late\u2019 stage observation, fluorescence was visualised non-uniformly within the intracellular cytoplasm of malignant tissue but not retained in benign glands. Fluorescence also accumulated within any present peritumoural inflammatory tissue. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the time course diffusion patterns of ICG through both benign and malignant tumours in vivo in human patients at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, demonstrating important cellular drivers and features of geolocalisation and how they differ longitudinally after exposure to ICG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31020063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T08:28:16Z","timestamp":1707294496000},"page":"849-861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Geotemporal Fluorophore Biodistribution Mapping of Colorectal Cancer: Micro and Macroscopic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Niall P.","family":"Hardy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Centre for Precision Surgery, School of Medicine, UCD, D07 Y9AW Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niall","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histopathology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Dalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Centre for Precision Surgery, School of Medicine, UCD, D07 Y9AW Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2912-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Epperlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research Europe, D15 HN66 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Neary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Waterford, University College Cork, X91 ER8E Waterford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histopathology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Liddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histopathology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4707-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4099-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John J.","family":"Aird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histopathology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1270-4000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronan A.","family":"Cahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Centre for Precision Surgery, School of Medicine, UCD, D07 Y9AW Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-023-02780-0","article-title":"Quantitative perfusion assessment using indocyanine green during surgery\u2014Current applications and recommendations for future use","volume":"408","author":"Osterkamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. 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