{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:59:48Z","timestamp":1792396788288,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Curettage is recommended for the treatment of Campanacci stages 1\u20132 giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) in the extremities, pelvis, sacrum, and spine, without preoperative denosumab treatment. In the distal femur, bone chips and plate fixation are utilized to reduce damage to the subchondral bone and prevent pathological fracture, respectively. For local recurrence, re-curettage may be utilized when feasible. En bloc resection is an option for very aggressive Campanacci stage 3 GCTB in the extremities, pelvis, sacrum, and spine, combined with 1\u20133 doses of preoperative denosumab treatment. Denosumab monotherapy once every 3 months is currently the standard strategy for inoperable patients and those with metastatic GCTB. However, in case of tumor growth, a possible malignant transformation should be considered. Zoledronic acid appears to be as effective as denosumab; nevertheless, it is a more cost-effective option. Therefore, zoledronic acid may be an alternative treatment option, particularly in developing countries. Surgery is the mainstay treatment for malignant GCTB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31040157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T04:37:27Z","timestamp":1712637447000},"page":"2112-2132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Current Concepts in the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8419-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Tsukamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0807-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas F.","family":"Mavrogenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ventouri Street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Masunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6763-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanya","family":"Honoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2420-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Kido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2300-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhito","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4504-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costantino","family":"Errani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Flanagan, A.M., Larousserie, F., O\u2019Donnell, P.G., and Yoshida, A. (2020). WHO Classification of Tumours, International Arctic Research Center. [5th ed.]. Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours; The WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-023-04359-8","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumor of Bone in the Pediatric Population: A Retrospective Study Highlighting Cases of Metaphyseal Only Location and Increased Local Recurrence Rates in Skeletally Immature Patients","volume":"52","author":"Tabarestani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skeletal. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2017.11.020","article-title":"Diagnostic Utility of Histone H3.3 G34W, G34R, and G34V Mutant-Specific Antibodies for Giant Cell Tumors of Bone","volume":"73","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000859","article-title":"H3F3A (Histone 3.3) G34W Immunohistochemistry: A Reliable Marker Defining Benign and Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"41","author":"Amary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000512","article-title":"Mutation Analysis of H3F3A and H3F3B as a Diagnostic Tool for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone and Chondroblastoma","volume":"39","author":"Cleven","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e707","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20211001-01","article-title":"Metastasectomy Versus Non-Metastasectomy for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Lung Metastases","volume":"44","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533033819840000","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033819840000","article-title":"Malignancy in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Review of the Literature","volume":"18","author":"Palmerini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769010-00018","article-title":"Giant-Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"69","author":"Campanacci","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70277-8","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Denosumab for Adults and Skeletally Mature Adolescents with Giant Cell Tumour of Bone: Interim Analysis of an Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Phase 2 Study","volume":"14","author":"Chawla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4634-9","article-title":"Surgical Downstaging in an Open-Label Phase II Trial of Denosumab in Patients with Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"22","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukamoto, S., Mavrogenis, A.F., Kido, A., and Errani, C. (2021). Current Concepts in the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumors of Bone. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13153647"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2009.09.002","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumor of the Extremity: A Review of 349 Cases from a Single Institution","volume":"36","author":"Errani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-020-04860-y","article-title":"The Impact of Curettage Technique on Local Control in Giant Cell Tumour of Bone","volume":"45","author":"Machak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04348-9","article-title":"Microwave in Situ Inactivation in the Treatment of Bone Giant Cell Tumor: A Mid-Term Descriptive Study","volume":"149","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.26397","article-title":"A Comparison of Depth of Necrosis among Adjuvant Therapies Used for the Treatment of Benign Bone Tumors","volume":"123","author":"Bombardier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-019-02535-y","article-title":"Curettage as First Surgery for Bone Giant Cell Tumor : Adequate Surgery Is More Important than Oncology Training or Surgical Management by High Volume Specialized Teams","volume":"30","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-023-02982-2","article-title":"\u201cTriple Clear\u201d: A Systematic and Comprehensive Surgical Process for Campanacci Grades II and III Giant Cell Tumors of the Bone, with or without Pathological Fracture and Slight Joint Invasion","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185121989515","article-title":"Utility of Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone after Denosumab Treatment: A Pilot Study","volume":"63","author":"Furuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.22.00404","article-title":"Cytotoxic Effects of Common Irrigation Solutions on Chondrosarcoma and Giant Cell Tumors of Bone","volume":"104","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4755-x","article-title":"Supplemental Bone Grafting in Giant Cell Tumor of the Extremity Reduces Nononcologic Complications","volume":"475","author":"Benevenia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-3939-2","article-title":"Bone Combined Cement Grafting in Giant Cell Tumor around the Knee Reduces Mechanical Failure","volume":"43","author":"Teng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.104B2.BJJ-2021-1322.R1","article-title":"Fibular Strut Allograft or Bone Cement for Reconstruction after Curettage of a Giant Cell Tumour of the Proximal Femur: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"104-B","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukamoto, S., Mavrogenis, A.F., Akahane, M., Honoki, K., Kido, A., Tanaka, Y., Donati, D.M., and Errani, C. (2022). Risk Factors of Fracture Following Curettage for Bone Giant Cell Tumors of the Extremities. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05447-x"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1263","article-title":"Effects on Articular Cartilage of Subchondral Replacement with Polymethylmethacrylate and Calcium Phosphate Cement","volume":"59","author":"Hisatome","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200403000-00035","article-title":"Contained Femoral Defects: Biomechanical Analysis of Pin Augmentation in Cement","volume":"420","author":"Murray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00124-3","article-title":"Subchondral Defects in Caprine Femora Augmented with in Situ Setting Hydroxyapatite Cement, Polymethylmethacrylate, or Autogenous Bone Graft: Biomechanical and Histomorphological Analysis after Two-Years","volume":"20","author":"Welch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00381536","article-title":"Replacement of Epiphyseal Bone with Methylmethacrylate: Its Effect on Articular Cartilage","volume":"100","author":"Manley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00066","article-title":"Mid-Term Outcome after Curettage with Polymethylmethacrylate for Giant Cell Tumor around the Knee: Higher Risk of Radiographic Osteoarthritis?","volume":"95","author":"Heineken","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24971","article-title":"Mid- to Long-Term Clinical Outcome of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Treated with Calcium Phosphate Cement Following Thorough Curettage and Phenolization","volume":"117","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206765","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1206765","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of the Three-Dimensional Printed Strut-Type Prosthesis Combined with Autograft Reconstruction for Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Femur","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2019.09.017","article-title":"Present Day Controversies and Consensus in Curettage for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"10","author":"Errani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-023-03382-5","article-title":"CT-Guided RFA for Management of Surgical Relapses of Giant Cell Tumour of Bone","volume":"46","author":"Arrigoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"CardioVasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.00057","article-title":"Denosumab May Increase the Risk of Local Recurrence in Patients with Giant-Cell Tumor of Bone Treated with Curettage","volume":"100","author":"Errani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001074","article-title":"Is Treatment with Denosumab Associated with Local Recurrence in Patients with Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Treated with Curettage? A Systematic Review","volume":"478","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000243","article-title":"Does Denosumab Change the Giant Cell Tumor Treatment Strategy? Lessons Learned from Early Experience","volume":"476","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000104","article-title":"Preoperative Denosumab with Curettage and Cryotherapy in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Is There an Increased Risk of Local Recurrence?","volume":"476","author":"Scoccianti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13139","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013139","article-title":"A Nonrandomized Controlled Study of Sacral Giant Cell Tumors with Preoperative Treatment of Denosumab","volume":"97","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B12.BJJ-2018-0189.R2","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Local Recurrence in Extremity-Located Giant Cell Tumours of Bone with Pathological Fracture","volume":"100-B","author":"Medellin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-022-11411-9","article-title":"Preoperative Denosumab Therapy Against Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Local Recurrence After Curettage Surgery","volume":"29","author":"Asano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.01332","article-title":"A Translational Study of the Neoplastic Cells of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Following Neoadjuvant Denosumab","volume":"96","author":"Mak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.01.006","article-title":"Efficacy of Denosumab in Joint Preservation for Patients with Giant Cell Tumour of the Bone","volume":"59","author":"Traub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207.2013.848202","article-title":"Comparison of the Anti-Tumor Effects of Denosumab and Zoledronic Acid on the Neoplastic Stromal Cells of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"54","author":"Lau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-017-0362-8","article-title":"In Vitro Study of the Effects of Denosumab on Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Comparison with Zoledronic Acid","volume":"25","author":"Shibuya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001388","article-title":"Denosumab-Treated Giant Cell Tumors of Bone: A Clinicopathologic Analysis of 35 Cases from the French Group of Bone Pathology","volume":"44","author":"Treffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896920920716","article-title":"Histomorphometric Analysis of Pre- and Post-Denosumab-Treated Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"28","author":"Umer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2021.151882","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and Molecular Features of Denosumab-Treated Giant Cell Tumour of Bone (GCTB): Analysis of 21 Cases","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2015-203248","article-title":"Denosumab Treated Giant Cell Tumour of Bone: A Morphological, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Analysis of a Series","volume":"69","author":"Girolami","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13448","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumours of Bone Treated with Denosumab: Histological, Immunohistochemical and H3F3A Mutation Analyses","volume":"72","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arndt, S., Hartmann, W., R\u00f3kusz, A., Leinauer, B., von Baer, A., Schultheiss, M., Pablik, J., Fritzsche, H., Mogler, C., and Antal, I. (2023). Histomorphometric Analysis of 38 Giant Cell Tumors of Bone after Recurrence as Compared to Changes Following Denosumab Treatment. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15174249"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12041","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5870","article-title":"Preoperative Denosumab Treatment in Patients with Giant Cell Bone Tumors in Limbs: A Retrospective Study Using Propensity Score Matching","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2022.100417","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Single Center Study of 115 Cases","volume":"33","author":"Deventer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyz004","article-title":"A Randomized Phase III Trial of Denosumab before Curettage for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG1610","volume":"49","author":"Urakawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1021","article-title":"A Randomized Phase III Trial of Denosumab before Curettage for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone. JCOG1610","volume":"52","author":"Urakawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-022-05613-9","article-title":"Outcome of Re-Operation for Local Recurrence Following Pre-Operative Denosumab Administration and Curettage for Giant Cell Tumour of Bone with Difficult Joint Preservation","volume":"47","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B1.BJJ-2020-0274.R1","article-title":"The Role of Denosumab in Joint Preservation for Patients with Giant Cell Tumour of Bone","volume":"103-B","author":"Perrin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-021-05260-6","article-title":"Computerised Tomography Features of Giant Cell Tumour of the Knee Are Associated with Local Recurrence after Extended Curettage","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25588","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumors Combined with Secondary Aneurysmal Bone Cysts Are More Likely to Develop Postoperative Recurrence: A Retrospective Study of 256 Cases","volume":"120","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2174\/1573405616666200806173258","article-title":"Fluid-Fluid Levels in Musculoskeletal Tumor Imaging","volume":"17","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-20-04-233","article-title":"Aneurysmal Bone Cyst","volume":"20","author":"Rapp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.164.3.7863874","article-title":"Aneurysmal Bone Cyst: Concept, Controversy, Clinical Presentation, and Imaging","volume":"164","author":"Kransdorf","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920615)69:12<2921::AID-CNCR2820691210>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Aneurysmal Bone Cyst. A Clinicopathologic Study of 238 Cases","volume":"69","author":"Bond","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6756","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.15.255","article-title":"Aneurysmal Bone Cyst: A Review of 150 Patients","volume":"23","author":"Mankin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1148\/126.1.75","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Aneurysmal Bone Cyst: A Radiological Study of 75 Cases","volume":"126","author":"Bonakdarpour","year":"1978","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880601)61:11<2291::AID-CNCR2820611125>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Aneurysmal Bone Cyst. A Review of 123 Cases Including Primary Lesions and Those Secondary to Other Bone Pathology","volume":"61","author":"Martinez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2020.01.022","article-title":"Secondary Aneurysmal Bone Cysts and Associated Primary Lesions: Imaging Features of 49 Cases","volume":"62","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.175.3.2160676","article-title":"Fluid-Fluid Level: A Nonspecific Finding in Tumors of Bone and Soft Tissue","volume":"175","author":"Tsai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0250-1","article-title":"Prevalence, Extension and Characteristics of Fluid-Fluid Levels in Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors","volume":"16","author":"Vanhoenacker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.27283","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumor of Bone with Secondary Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Does Not Have a Higher Risk of Local Recurrence","volume":"128","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Lin, S., Zhu, H., Dong, Y., Yang, Q., and Yuan, T. (2022). The Blood Pressure and Use of Tourniquet Are Related to Local Recurrence after Intralesional Curettage of Primary Benign Bone Tumors: A Retrospective and Hypothesis-Generating Study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05157-4"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Zhao, G., Chen, F., Xia, J., and Jiang, L. (2019). The Prognostic Significance of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and the Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Giant Cell Tumor of the Extremities. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5511-x"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2020.100324","article-title":"Pre-Operative Prognostic Nutritional Index Was Associated with Recurrence after Surgery in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Patients","volume":"25","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30010085","article-title":"Association between Inflammatory Markers and Local Recurrence in Patients with Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Preliminary Result","volume":"30","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25391","article-title":"Similar Local Recurrence but Better Function with Curettage versus Resection for Bone Giant Cell Tumor and Pathological Fracture at Presentation","volume":"119","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.26967","article-title":"Treatment of Giant Cell Tumors of the Distal Radius: A Long-Term Patient-Reported Outcomes Study","volume":"126","author":"Kuruoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04150-4","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumors of the Distal Ulna: Long-Term Recurrence Rate and Functional Outcomes of En Bloc Resection versus Curettage in a Multicenter Study","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193418809785","article-title":"Functional Results of Wrist Arthrodesis versus Arthroplasty with Proximal Fibula Following Giant Cell Tumour Excision of the Distal Radius","volume":"44","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-6-14","article-title":"En Bloc Excision and Autogenous Fibular Reconstruction for Aggressive Giant Cell Tumor of Distal Radius: A Report of 12 Cases and Review of Literature","volume":"6","author":"Saini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.-F., Wang, J.-W., Huang, P., and Xu, Z.-H. (2016). Distal Radius Reconstruction with Vascularized Proximal Fibular Autograft after En-Bloc Resection of Recurrent Giant Cell Tumor. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1211-8"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20200721-03","article-title":"Denosumab for Bone Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Radius","volume":"43","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318767","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/318767","article-title":"Reconstruction of the Distal Radius Following Tumour Resection Using an Osteoarticular Allograft","volume":"2013","author":"Rabitsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sarcoma"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B12.25121","article-title":"The Use of Osteo-Articular Allografts for Reconstruction after Resection of the Distal Radius for Tumour","volume":"92","author":"Scoccianti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHSB.2005.04.006","article-title":"Osteoarticular Allograft Reconstruction of the Distal Radius after Bone Tumour Resection","volume":"30","author":"Bianchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.26405","article-title":"Osteoarticular Allograft Reconstruction after Distal Radius Tumor Resection: Reoperation and Patient Reported Outcomes","volume":"123","author":"Lans","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S146434","article-title":"Uncemented Three-Dimensional-Printed Prosthetic Replacement for Giant Cell Tumor of Distal Radius: A New Design of Prosthesis and Surgical Techniques","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4975-0","article-title":"What Are the Functional Results, Complications, and Outcomes of Using a Custom Unipolar Wrist Hemiarthroplasty for Treatment of Grade III Giant Cell Tumors of the Distal Radius?","volume":"474","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2555-5","article-title":"Surgical Technique: Tibia Cortical Strut Autograft Interposition Arthrodesis after Distal Radius Resection","volume":"471","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2011.05.017","article-title":"Forearm Reconstruction with Bone Allograft Following Tumor Excision: A Series of 10 Patients with a Mean Follow-up of 10 Years","volume":"97","author":"Barbier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2020.03.005","article-title":"Wrist Arthrodesis and Osteoarticular Reconstruction in Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Radius","volume":"45","author":"Bianchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001604","article-title":"Does a Modified Technique to Achieve Arthrodesis of the Wrist After Resection of the Distal Radius and Translocating the Ipsilateral Ulna as a Vascularized Graft to Reconstruct the Defect Improve Grip Strength and Outcomes Scores?","volume":"479","author":"Gundavda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B6.23194","article-title":"Ulnar Translocation after Excision of a Campanacci Grade-3 Giant-Cell Tumour of the Distal Radius: An Effective Method of Reconstruction","volume":"92","author":"Puri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4678-y","article-title":"Does Wrist Arthrodesis with Structural Iliac Crest Bone Graft after Wide Resection of Distal Radius Giant Cell Tumor Result in Satisfactory Function and Local Control?","volume":"475","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Zuo, D., Wen, J., Sun, W., Cai, Z., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., Dong, Y., Yang, Q., and Zhu, H. (2023). Reduced Recurrence Rate and Comparable Functionality after Wide Resection and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty with Allograft-Prosthetic Composite versus Curettage for Proximal Humeral Giant Cell Tumor: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2023.09.009"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-05997-0","article-title":"Denosumab in the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of the Spine. Preliminary Report, Review of the Literature and Protocol Proposal","volume":"29","author":"Boriani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-018-1478-3","article-title":"Assessment of Denosumab Treatment Effects and Imaging Response in Patients with Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"16","author":"Engellau","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001285","article-title":"Is a Short-Course of Preoperative Denosumab as Effective as Prolonged Therapy for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone?","volume":"478","author":"Hindiskere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004318","article-title":"Ultra-Short Course of Neo-Adjuvant Denosumab for Nerve-Sparing Surgery for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone in Sacrum","volume":"47","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20211001-09","article-title":"Denosumab Does Not Decrease Local Recurrence in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Treated with En Bloc Resection","volume":"44","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23094990211007565","DOI":"10.1177\/23094990211007565","article-title":"Comparison of Denosumab and Zoledronic Acid as Neoadjuvant Therapy in Patients with Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"29","author":"Kanwat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3109\/17453670903350123","article-title":"Treatment and Outcome of Giant Cell Tumors of the Pelvis","volume":"80","author":"Balke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"773","article-title":"Management of Pelvic Giant Cell Tumours Involving the Acetabular Bone","volume":"74","author":"Donati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Belg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608000-00035","article-title":"Surgical Management of Innominate Giant Cell Tumor","volume":"329","author":"Kattapuram","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000128643.38390.07","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumor of the Pelvis and Sacrum: 17 Cases and Analysis of the Literature","volume":"423","author":"Leggon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198709000-00017","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Giant Cell Tumors of the Pelvis","volume":"222","author":"Osaka","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199310000-00007","article-title":"Treatment of Giant-Cell Tumor of the Pelvis","volume":"75","author":"Sanjay","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2190-6","article-title":"Intralesional Excision versus Wide Resection for Giant Cell Tumor Involving the Acetabulum: Which Is Better?","volume":"470","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197860060-00002","article-title":"Resection and Reconstruction for Primary Neoplasms Involving the Innominate Bone","volume":"60","author":"Enneking","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199109000-00022","article-title":"Pelvic Osteosarcoma. Resection, Reconstruction, Local Control, and Survival Statistics","volume":"270","author":"Gradinger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-003-0543-7","article-title":"Tumors of the Pelvis: Complications after Reconstruction","volume":"123","author":"Hillmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma. Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00267812","article-title":"Function after Pelvic Tumour Resection Involving the Acetabular Ring","volume":"6","author":"Nilsonne","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2019.05.003","article-title":"Denosumab in Giant Cell Tumour of Bone in the Pelvis and Sacrum: Long-Term Therapy or Bone Resection?","volume":"25","author":"Sambri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04142-4","article-title":"Treatment of Pelvic Giant Cell Tumor by Wide Resection with Patient-Specific Bone-Cutting Guide and Reconstruction with 3D-Printed Personalized Implant","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4871-z","article-title":"One-Step Reconstruction with a 3D-Printed, Custom-Made Prosthesis after Total En Bloc Sacrectomy: A Technical Note","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-3136-3","article-title":"Preservation of the Contralateral Sacral Nerves during Hemisacrectomy for Sacral Malignancies","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1883-6","article-title":"Surgical Classification of Different Types of En Bloc Resection for Primary Malignant Sacral Tumors","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001274","article-title":"Proposed Scoring System for Evaluating Neurologic Deficit after Sacral Resection: Functional Outcomes of 170 Consecutive Patients","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.102B10.BJJ-2020-0276.R1","article-title":"Risk Factors for the Local Recurrence of Giant Cell Tumours of the Sacrum Treated with Nerve-Sparing Surgery","volume":"102-B","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31819d4127","article-title":"Outcome of Conservative Surgery for Giant Cell Tumor of the Sacrum","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000053","article-title":"Can Aortic Balloon Occlusion Reduce Blood Loss During Resection of Sacral Tumors That Extend into the Lower Lumber Spine?","volume":"476","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.102B2.BJJ-2019-0813.R1","article-title":"Retrospective Cohort Study of 68 Sacral Giant Cell Tumours Treated with Nerve-Sparing Surgery and Evaluation on Therapeutic Benefits of Denosumab Therapy","volume":"102-B","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2021.100410","article-title":"Study of Imaging Changes Following Preoperative Denosumab for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06650-x","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumors of the Sacrum: Is Non-Operative Treatment Effective?","volume":"30","author":"Puri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10803","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-up of Patients with Giant Cell Tumor of the Sacrum Treated with Selective Arterial Embolization","volume":"95","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12336","article-title":"Selective Arterial Embolization for the Treatment of Sacral and Pelvic Giant Cell Tumor: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"453","article-title":"Therapeutic Benefits of Neoadjuvant and Post-Operative Denosumab on Sacral Giant Cell Tumor: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 30 Cases","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. BU ON. Off. J. Balk. Union Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukamoto, S., Ali, N., Mavrogenis, A.F., Honoki, K., Tanaka, Y., Spinnato, P., Donati, D.M., and Errani, C. (2021). Intralesional Nerve-Sparing Surgery versus Non-Surgical Treatment for Giant Cell Tumor of the Sacrum. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04907-0"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198011000-00013","article-title":"A System for the Surgical Staging of Musculoskeletal Sarcoma","volume":"153","author":"Enneking","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E37","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182233ccd","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumor of the Mobile Spine: A Review of 49 Cases","volume":"37","author":"Boriani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07455-w","article-title":"Comparison of the Prognostic Factors of Total En Bloc Spondylectomy and Total Piecemeal Spondylectomy in Patients with Enneking Stage III Giant Cell Tumor in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07770-w","article-title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Short-Course Neoadjuvant Denosumab for En Bloc Spondylectomy in Spinal Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Preliminary Report","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.158.2.1729794","article-title":"Benign Giant-Cell Tumor of Bone with Pulmonary Metastases: Clinical Findings and Radiologic Appearance of Metastases in 13 Cases","volume":"158","author":"Tubbs","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B1.0800043","article-title":"Giant-Cell Tumour of Bone Metastasising to the Lungs. A Long-Term Follow-Up","volume":"80","author":"Siebenrock","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2017.04.001","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors Analysis of Lung Metastasis of Benign Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2023.14095","article-title":"Non-surgical Outcomes and Risk Factors for Pulmonary Metastasis from Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"26","author":"Poosiripinyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4085-6","article-title":"Denosumab Does Not Decrease the Risk of Lung Metastases from Bone Giant Cell Tumour","volume":"43","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00678","article-title":"Risk Factors for Pulmonary Metastases from Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"97","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24739","article-title":"Surveillance for Lung Metastasis from Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"116","author":"Rosario","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108054","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22478","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Prognostic Index to Predict Pulmonary Metastasis of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-020-04907-0","article-title":"Pulmonary Metastasis of Giant Cell Tumour: A Retrospective Study of Three Hundred and Ten Cases","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyy067","article-title":"Prognosis of Metastatic Giant Cell Tumor of Bone in the Pre-Denosumab Era. A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Itkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-02038-1","article-title":"Outcome of Lung Metastases Due to Bone Giant Cell Tumor Initially Managed with Observation","volume":"15","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyx033","article-title":"Pulmonary Metastasis from Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Clinical Outcome Prior to the Introduction of Molecular Target Therapy","volume":"47","author":"Kito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac066","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Effect of Longer Dosing Intervals of Denosumab on Tumor Control and Bone-Related Complications","volume":"27","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.01.028","article-title":"Denosumab in Advanced\/Unresectable Giant-Cell Tumour of Bone (GCTB): For How Long?","volume":"76","author":"Palmerini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E551","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002440","article-title":"Recommencement of Denosumab for Unresectable Giant Cell Tumor of the Cervical Spine: A Case Report","volume":"43","author":"Law","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000663","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2019-000663","article-title":"Rechallenge of Denosumab in Jaw Osteonecrosis of Patients with Unresectable Giant Cell Tumour of Bone: A Case Series Analysis and Literature Review","volume":"5","author":"Raimondi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953149","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.953149","article-title":"Rechallenge of Denosumab in Advanced Giant Cell Tumor of the Bone after Atypical Femur Fracture: A Case Report and Review of Literature","volume":"12","author":"Nasca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.104B12.BJJ-2022-0401.R1","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Multicentric Giant Cell Tumour with the Presentation of Three Cases at Long-Term Follow-Up","volume":"104-B","author":"Trovarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e376","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20230426-05","article-title":"Multicentric Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"46","author":"Errani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30663-1","article-title":"Denosumab in Patients with Giant-Cell Tumour of Bone: A Multicentre, Open-Label, Phase 2 Study","volume":"20","author":"Chawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E654","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001350","article-title":"Interest of Denosumab for the Treatment of Giant-Cells Tumors and Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Spine. About Nine Cases","volume":"41","author":"Dubory","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.16.00072","article-title":"The Role of Denosumab in the Modern Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"5","author":"Thornley","year":"2017","journal-title":"JBJS Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandler, A., Bartelstein, M.K., Fujiwara, T., Antonescu, C.R., Healey, J.H., and Vaynrub, M. (2021). Anti-IL17 Antibody Secukinumab Therapy Is Associated with Ossification in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Case Report of Pathologic Similarities and Therapeutic Potential Similar to Denosumab. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04182-z"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201601","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Secukinumab in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Phase II, Dose-Finding, Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo Controlled Study","volume":"72","author":"Genovese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61134-4","article-title":"Anti-Interleukin-17A Monoclonal Antibody Secukinumab in Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"382","author":"Baeten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2022.100441","article-title":"Denosumab versus Zoledronic Acid in Cases of Surgically Unsalvageable Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"35","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3834-0","article-title":"Therapeutic Radiotherapy for Giant Cell Tumor of the Spine: A Systemic Review","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(86)90346-9","article-title":"Radiation Therapy of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Analysis of 35 Patients","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.02.021","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumour of Bone in the Denosumab Era","volume":"77","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdal, M., Neradil, J., Mudry, P., Paukovcekova, S., Staniczkova Zambo, I., Urban, J., Macsek, P., Pazourek, L., Tomas, T., and Veselska, R. (2021). New Target for Precision Medicine Treatment of Giant-Cell Tumor of Bone: Sunitinib Is Effective in the Treatment of Neoplastic Stromal Cells with Activated PDGFR\u03b2 Signaling. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143543"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vita, A., Vanni, S., Miserocchi, G., Fausti, V., Pieri, F., Spadazzi, C., Cocchi, C., Liverani, C., Calabrese, C., and Casadei, R. (2022). A Rationale for the Activity of Bone Target Therapy and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Combination in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone and Desmoplastic Fibroma: Translational Evidences. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020372"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02594-9","article-title":"Prognostic Role of PD-L1 and Immune-Related Gene Expression Profiles in Giant Cell Tumors of Bone","volume":"69","author":"Metovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002237","article-title":"Tumor Growth Rate in Spinal Giant Cell Tumors of Bone and Association with the Immune Microenvironment and Denosumab Treatment Responsiveness: A Multicenter Study","volume":"92","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2020.100334","article-title":"Malignancy in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone in the Extremities","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0803-z","article-title":"Primary Malignant Giant-Cell Tumor of Bone Has High Survival Rate","volume":"17","author":"Domovitov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668070-00016","article-title":"Secondary Malignant Giant-Cell Tumor of Bone. Clinicopathological Assessment of Nineteen Patients","volume":"68","author":"Rock","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukamoto, S., Righi, A., Mavrogenis, A.F., Akahane, M., Honoki, K., Tanaka, Y., Donati, D.M., and Errani, C. (2021). Late Local Recurrence of Bone Giant Cell Tumors Associated with an Increased Risk for Malignant Transformation. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143644"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"e3792","article-title":"Malignant Sarcomatous Transformation of Benign Giant Cell Tumor of Bone after Treatment with Denosumab Therapy: A Literature Review of Reported Cases","volume":"10","author":"Alaqaili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4249-2","article-title":"A High-Grade Sarcoma Arising in a Patient with Recurrent Benign Giant Cell Tumor of the Proximal Tibia While Receiving Treatment with Denosumab","volume":"473","author":"Piuzzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767198","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/767198","article-title":"Two Cases of Sarcoma Arising in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Treated with Denosumab","volume":"2015","author":"Broehm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.16.00024","article-title":"Malignant Transformation of a Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Treated with Denosumab: A Case Report","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBJS Case Connect."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70170-4","article-title":"Safety of Denosumab in Giant-Cell Tumour of Bone","volume":"11","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyx112","article-title":"Development of High-Grade Osteosarcoma in a Patient with Recurrent Giant Cell Tumor of the Ischium While Receiving Treatment with Denosumab","volume":"47","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmerini, E., Seeger, L.L., Gambarotti, M., Righi, A., Reichardt, P., Bukata, S., Blay, J.-Y., Dai, T., Jandial, D., and Picci, P. (2021). Malignancy in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Analysis of an Open-Label Phase 2 Study of Denosumab. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07739-8"},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"3425221","article-title":"Malignant Transformation of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone and the Association with Denosumab Treatment: A Radiology and Pathology Perspective","volume":"2022","author":"Cleven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sarcoma"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640050201","article-title":"Malignant Giant-Cell Tumours of Bone. Clinico-Pathological Types and Prognosis: A Review of 29 Cases","volume":"22","author":"Anract","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morii, R., Tsukamoto, S., Righi, A., Honoki, K., Tanaka, Y., Kido, A., Fujii, H., Mavrogenis, A.F., Tanaka, Y., and Errani, C. (2021). Effect of Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Localized Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Systematic Review. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215410"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11359","article-title":"Malignancy in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"97","author":"Bertoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2814","article-title":"Distinct H3F3A and H3F3B Driver Mutations Define Chondroblastoma and Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"45","author":"Behjati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0461","article-title":"H3.3 G34W Promotes Growth and Impedes Differentiation of Osteoblast-Like Mesenchymal Progenitors in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"10","author":"Khazaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0318-5","article-title":"Absence of H3F3A Mutation in a Subset of Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of Bone","volume":"32","author":"Yoshida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01275.x","article-title":"Secondary Malignant Giant-Cell Tumour of Bone: Molecular Abnormalities of P53 and H-Ras Gene Correlated with Malignant Transformation","volume":"39","author":"Oda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00972-x","article-title":"Histological and Immunohistochemical Features and Genetic Alterations in the Malignant Progression of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Possible Association with TP53 Mutation and Loss of H3K27 Trimethylation","volume":"35","author":"Ishihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e268","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002112","article-title":"Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of Bone with a KRAS G12V Mutation","volume":"44","author":"Donigian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3892\/mi.2024.141","article-title":"Clinical Genomic Profiling of Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Retrospective Analysis Using a Real-world Database","volume":"4","author":"Tsuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Int."}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/31\/4\/157\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:24:43Z","timestamp":1760106283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/31\/4\/157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"references-count":184,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol31040157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol31040157","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]}}}