{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:39:45Z","timestamp":1793299185659,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric cancer remains a disease with an ominous prognosis, while early gastric cancer has a good-to-excellent prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of up to 92.6% after successful endoscopic resection. In this context, the accurate identification of patients with established gastric precancerous lesions, namely chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, is the first step in a stepwise approach to minimize cancer risk. Although current guidelines advocate for the execution of random biopsies to stage the extent and severity of gastritis\/intestinal metaplasia, modern biopsy protocols are still imperfect as they have limited reproducibility and are susceptible to sampling error. The advent of novel imaging-enhancing modalities, i.e., high-definition with virtual chromoendoscopy (CE), has revolutionized the inspection of gastric mucosa, leading to an endoscopy-based staging strategy for the management of these premalignant changes in the stomach. Nowadays, the incorporation of CE-targeted biopsies in everyday clinical practice offers not only the robust detection of premalignant lesions but also an improvement in quality, by reducing missed diagnoses along with mean biopsies and, thus, the procedural costs and the environmental footprint. In this review, we summarize the recent evidence regarding the endoscopic grading and sampling of gastric precancerous lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31070290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1720538840000},"page":"3923-3938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Endoscopic Grading and Sampling of Gastric Precancerous Lesions: A Comprehensive Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2945-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Tziatzios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Nea Ionia \u201cKonstantopoulio-Patision\u201d, 3-5, Theodorou Konstantopoulou, 14233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3103-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios \u0399.","family":"Ziogas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, 251 Hellenic Air Force & VA General Hospital, 11525 Athina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9677-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paraskevas","family":"Gkolfakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Nea Ionia \u201cKonstantopoulio-Patision\u201d, 3-5, Theodorou Konstantopoulou, 14233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilios","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, General University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apostolis","family":"Papaefthymiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, General University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Endoscopy Unit, Cleveland Clinic London, London SW1X 7HY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoletta","family":"Mathou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Nea Ionia \u201cKonstantopoulio-Patision\u201d, 3-5, Theodorou Konstantopoulou, 14233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Giannakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Nea Ionia \u201cKonstantopoulio-Patision\u201d, 3-5, Theodorou Konstantopoulou, 14233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerasimos","family":"Gerasimatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Nea Ionia \u201cKonstantopoulio-Patision\u201d, 3-5, Theodorou Konstantopoulou, 14233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina D.","family":"Paraskeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Nea Ionia \u201cKonstantopoulio-Patision\u201d, 3-5, Theodorou Konstantopoulou, 14233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018\u2018Attikon\u201d University General Hospital, 77591 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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