{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:32:11Z","timestamp":1793298731462,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemotherapy-induced cytopenia (CIC) is characterized by neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, which are common and serious complications in cancer treatment. These conditions affect approximately 60% of patients undergoing chemotherapy and can significantly impact quality of life, treatment continuity, and overall survival. The use of growth factors, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (GCSFs), erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs), and thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs), has emerged as a promising strategy for managing CIC. However, the use of these growth factors must be approached with caution. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of growth factors in the management of CIC. Additionally, we discuss predictive markers for treatment response, potential risks, and highlight areas for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31120596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T10:58:32Z","timestamp":1735037912000},"page":"8094-8109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Let It Grow: The Role of Growth Factors in Managing Chemotherapy-Induced Cytopenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0295-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruah","family":"Alyamany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8489-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alnughmush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazzaa","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Alfayez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Myeloid Toxicity of Cancer Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Kurtin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10763","article-title":"Relationship between changes in hemoglobin level and quality of life during chemotherapy in anemic cancer patients receiving epoetin alfa therapy","volume":"95","author":"Crawford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.11.005","article-title":"Impact of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) and febrile neutropenia (FN) on cancer treatment outcomes: An overview about well-established and recently emerging clinical data","volume":"120","author":"Lalami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt226","article-title":"The impact of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on chemotherapy dose intensity and cancer survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Lyman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.1734","article-title":"Platelet Transfusion for Patients With Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update","volume":"36","author":"Schiffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weycker, D., Hatfield, M., Grossman, A., Hanau, A., Lonshteyn, A., Sharma, A., and Chandler, D. (2019). Risk and consequences of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in US clinical practice. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5354-5"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/009127009203200602","article-title":"Hemopoietic Growth Factors: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Rowe","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.10.014","article-title":"Pharmacologic rationale for early G-CSF prophylaxis in cancer patients and role of pharmacogenetics in treatment optimization","volume":"72","author":"Crea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-2081(92)90027-Z","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression","volume":"8","author":"Maxwell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Gatter, K., Natkunam, Y., and Brown, D. (2008). Bone Marrow Diagnosis: An Illustrated Guide, Wiley-Blackwell. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.279512","article-title":"Treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with non-hematologic malignancies","volume":"107","author":"Kuter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155210380293","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of clinically significant chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with solid tumors","volume":"17","author":"Hitron","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.2.405","article-title":"A risk model for thrombocytopenia requiring platelet transfusion after cytotoxic chemotherapy","volume":"92","author":"Blay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"19","article-title":"Risk Analysis in the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies in the Elderly","volume":"1","author":"Kurtin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1887","article-title":"Drug interactions in cancer therapy","volume":"6","author":"Scripture","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"633","article-title":"Cancer chemotherapy in the older cancer patient","volume":"27","author":"Carreca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.242","article-title":"International Staging System for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"23","author":"Greipp","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okunaka, M., Kano, D., Matsui, R., Kawasaki, T., and Uesawa, Y. (2021). Comprehensive Analysis of Chemotherapeutic Agents That Induce Infectious Neutropenia. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14070681"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-019-0099-8","article-title":"Genes and variants in hematopoiesis-related pathways are associated with gemcitabine\/carboplatin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"20","author":"Sigurgeirsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2006.0056","article-title":"Trends in Recommendations for Myelosuppressive Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Solid Tumors","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2011.0075","article-title":"Myeloid Growth Factors","volume":"9","author":"Crawford","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2010.10.013","article-title":"2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours","volume":"47","author":"Aapro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2011.03.003","article-title":"Reporting of myelotoxicity associated with emerging regimens for the treatment of selected solid tumors","volume":"81","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00374","article-title":"Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Adult Patients With Cancer-Related Immunosuppression: ASCO and IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline Update","volume":"36","author":"Taplitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/07357907.2023.2179064","article-title":"Grade 4 Neutropenia Frequency as a Binary Risk Predictor for Adverse Clinical Consequences of Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia: A Meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Mohanlal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gargiulo, P., Arenare, L., Gridelli, C., Morabito, A., Ciardiello, F., Gebbia, V., Maione, P., Spagnuolo, A., Palumbo, G., and Esposito, G. (2021). Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and treatment efficacy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A pooled analysis of 6 randomized trials. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08323-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2023.1618","article-title":"The occurrence and risk factors of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with breast cancer not receiving primary G-CSF prophylaxis","volume":"17","author":"Hutajulu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"472","article-title":"A prospective investigation of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and quality of life","volume":"4","author":"Fortner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Support. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3277-0","article-title":"Relationship between severity and duration of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and risk of infection among patients with nonmyeloid malignancies","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2009.01.003","article-title":"Strategies for minimizing complications of neutropenia: Prophylactic myeloid growth factors or antibiotics","volume":"72","author":"Wingard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-010-0816-y","article-title":"Prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors: Where are we now?","volume":"18","author":"Aapro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2010.03.008","article-title":"Febrile neutropenia: A critical review of the initial management","volume":"78","author":"Klastersky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"11","article-title":"The timing of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and its clinical and economic impact","volume":"20","author":"Ozer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-024-08817-4","article-title":"Prevalence and risks of intravenous chemotherapy-induced severe neutropenia in solid cancers: A multicenter retrospective cohort study on real-life data","volume":"32","author":"Rohr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2024, October 04). NEUPOGEN-Filgrastim Injection, Solution Amgen Inc, Available online: www.fda.gov\/medwatch."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2024, October 04). ZARXIO-Filgrastim-Sndz Injection, Solution Sandoz Inc. Highlights Of Prescribing Information, Available online: www.fda.gov\/medwatch."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2024, October 04). RELEUKO-Filgrastim Injection, Solution Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC. Highlights Of Prescribing Information, Available online: www.fda.gov\/medwatch."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708784049649","article-title":"Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) for Cardio- and Cerebrovascular Regenerative Applications","volume":"15","author":"Klocke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2024, October 04). Label for Neupogen (Filgrastim), Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugsatfda."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500861","article-title":"G-CSF and GM-CSF in Neutropenia","volume":"195","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0175","article-title":"Myeloid Growth Factors, Version 2.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"15","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199142020-00009","article-title":"Recombinant Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (rG-CSF)","volume":"42","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2555-y","article-title":"Comparison of filgrastim and pegfilgrastim to prevent neutropenia and maintain dose intensity of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kourlaba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-020-00411-4","article-title":"Biosimilar Pegfilgrastim: Improving Access and Optimising Practice to Supportive Care that Enables Cure","volume":"34","author":"Cornes","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-017-3923-1","article-title":"A single-center, retrospective analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of filgrastim-sndz to filgrastim for prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and for neutrophil recovery following autologous stem cell transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Zecchini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-016-0172-7","article-title":"Tbo-Filgrastim: A Review in Neutropenic Conditions","volume":"30","author":"Blair","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.536527","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of colony-stimulating factors for febrile neutropenia: A retrospective study","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naeim, A., Henk, H.J., Becker, L., Chia, V., Badre, S., Li, X., and Deeter, R. (2013). Pegfilgrastim prophylaxis is associated with a lower risk of hospitalization of cancer patients than filgrastim prophylaxis: A retrospective United States claims analysis of granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF). BMC Cancer, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-11"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.103193","article-title":"Side effects of using granulocyte-colony stimulating factors as prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia in cancer patients: A systematic review","volume":"157","author":"Lapidari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2013.08.006","article-title":"The five \u2018Ws\u2019 for bone pain due to the administration of granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSFs)","volume":"89","author":"Lambertini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27701","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27701","article-title":"Use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and risk of relapse in pediatric patients treated for acute myeloid leukemia according to NOPHO-AML 2004 and DB AML-01","volume":"66","author":"Asdahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/07357907.2024.2352454","article-title":"The Impact of Prophylactic Post-Chemotherapy G-CSF on the Relapse Rates in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Bordbar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.5530130609","article-title":"Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Usuki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-023-02465-0","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of primary prophylaxis with G-CSF after induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical practice guidelines for the use of G-CSF 2022 from the Japan society of clinical oncology","volume":"29","author":"Maeda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.62.3488","article-title":"Recommendations for the Use of WBC Growth Factors: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06681-0","article-title":"Prospective external validation of an updated algorithm to quantify risk of febrile neutropenia in cancer patients after a cycle of chemotherapy","volume":"30","author":"Bozcuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocw131","article-title":"Predicting neutropenia risk in patients with cancer using electronic data","volume":"24","author":"Pawloski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-024-02541-z","article-title":"Therapeutic use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in patients with febrile neutropenia: A comprehensive systematic review for clinical practice guidelines for the use of G-CSF 2022 from the Japan Society of Clinical Oncology","volume":"29","author":"Tsuchihashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.5.1573","article-title":"Five-day course of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with prolonged neutropenia after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer is a safe and cost-effective schedule to maintain dose-intensity","volume":"14","author":"Ribas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-018-3639-z","article-title":"Randomized controlled clinical trial of polyethylene glycol recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of neutropenia after chemotherapy for breast cancer","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.1.31","article-title":"Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in the Treatment of High-Risk Febrile Neutropenia: A Multicenter Randomized Trial","volume":"93","author":"Mayordomo","year":"2001","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2012.0064","article-title":"Cancer- and Chemotherapy- Induced Anemia","volume":"10","author":"Rodgers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3258-3","article-title":"The effect of chemotherapy-induced anemia on dose reduction and dose delay","volume":"24","author":"Family","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S89480","article-title":"Incidence of anemia in patients diagnosed with solid tumors receiving chemotherapy, 2010\u20132013","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1872","article-title":"Continuing Reassessment of the Risks of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Patients with Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Juneja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2008.08.003","article-title":"Erythropoietins: A common mechanism of action","volume":"36","author":"Elliott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.42","article-title":"Effects of erythropoietin receptors and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on disease progression in cancer","volume":"106","author":"Aapro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3532-y","article-title":"The effects of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on the short-term and long-term survivals in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: A SEER population-based study","volume":"153","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018030387","article-title":"Management of cancer-associated anemia with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: ASCO\/ASH clinical practice guideline update","volume":"3","author":"Bohlius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoque, S., Chen, B.J., Schoen, M.W., Carson, K.R., Keller, J., Witherspoon, B.J., Knopf, K.B., Yang, Y.T., Schooley, B., and Nabhan, C. (2020). End of an era of administering erythropoiesis stimulating agents among Veterans Administration cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234541"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp387","article-title":"Patterns of Use and Risks Associated With Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents Among Medicare Patients With Cancer","volume":"101","author":"Hershman","year":"2009","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60502-X","article-title":"Recombinant human erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and mortality in patients with cancer: A meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"373","author":"Bohlius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.04.022","article-title":"The Use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Patients With CKD and Cancer: A Clinical Approach","volume":"74","author":"Thavarajah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13595","article-title":"The incidence of thrombocytopenia in adult patients receiving chemotherapy for solid tumors or hematologic malignancies","volume":"106","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.2165\/11594310-000000000-00000","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in Adult Cancer Patients Receiving Cytotoxic Chemotherapy","volume":"34","author":"Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.4.1137","article-title":"Incidence, Cost, and Outcomes of Bleeding and Chemotherapy Dose Modification Among Solid Tumor Patients With Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia","volume":"19","author":"Elting","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2023.101139","article-title":"Optimal management of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombopoietin receptor agonists","volume":"63","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2015.0166","article-title":"Dose Delays, Dose Reductions, and Relative Dose Intensity in Patients With Cancer Who Received Adjuvant or Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Community Oncology Practices","volume":"13","author":"Denduluri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aspinall, S.L., Good, C.B., Zhao, X., Cunningham, F.E., Heron, B.B., Geraci, M., Passero, V., Stone, R.A., Smith, K.J., and Rogers, R. (2015). Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer: Relative dose intensity and survival among veterans. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1038-y"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2014.10.006","article-title":"A review of relative dose intensity and survival in patients with metastatic solid tumors","volume":"93","author":"Havrilesky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2012.12.017","article-title":"Predictors of reduced relative dose intensity and its relationship to mortality in women receiving multi-agent chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"129","author":"Hanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-014-2416-x","article-title":"The impact of dose\/time modification in irinotecan- and oxaliplatin-based chemotherapies on outcomes in metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"73","author":"Nakayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2020.01.64","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusion in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14084","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.6062","article-title":"Incidence, consequences, and predictors of serious chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leader, A., Hofstetter, L., and Spectre, G. (2021). Challenges and Advances in Managing Thrombocytopenic Cancer Patients. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061169"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"282","article-title":"Managing thrombocytopenia associated with cancer chemotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Kuter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.326","article-title":"Eltrombopag with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors: A randomized phase I study","volume":"4","author":"Winer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2022000374","article-title":"Thrombopoietin receptor agonists for chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia: A new solution for an old problem","volume":"2022","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-04734-z","article-title":"Elevated BNP caused by recombinant human interleukin-11 treatment in patients with chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7429","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7429","article-title":"Romiplostim in chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia: A review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Soff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.60.042307.181154","article-title":"Thrombopoietin and Thrombopoietin Mimetics in the Treatment of Thrombocytopenia","volume":"60","author":"Kuter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2019.09.001","article-title":"Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of thrombopoietin receptor agonists","volume":"56","author":"Bussel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2024, October 05). NPLATE-Romiplostim Injection, Powder, Lyophilized, for Solution Amgen Inc. highlights of prescribing information, Available online: www.fda.gov\/medwatch."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01931","article-title":"Romiplostim Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia","volume":"37","author":"Soff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2020). PROMACTA-Eltrombopag Olamine."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2024, October 05). ALVAIZ-Eltrombopag Tablet, Film Coated Teva Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Highlights of Prescribing Information Full Prescribing Information: Contents, Available online: www.fda.gov\/medwatch."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24051","article-title":"Knowledge map of thrombopoietin receptor agonists: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100909","article-title":"The structure; function, and clinical use of the thrombopoietin receptor agonist avatrombopag","volume":"53","author":"Kuter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2022.2026910","article-title":"Effect of avatrombopag in the management of severe and refractory chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT) in patients with solid tumors","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., He, Y., Hu, C., Tu, C., Huang, J., Zhu, X., Zang, C., Ding, K., Zhan, B., and Zhao, Y. (2022). Avatrombopag for the treatment of thrombocytopenia induced by chemotherapy in patients with solid tumors: A multicenter, open-label, single-arm trial. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.970978"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01553-7","article-title":"Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists (TPO-RAs): Drug Class Considerations for Pharmacists","volume":"81","author":"Gilreath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"261","article-title":"Recombinant human thrombopoietin: Clinical experience and in vivo biology","volume":"35","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"ashem0370028","article-title":"Clinical experience with recombinant human thrombopoietin in chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"37","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1702772","article-title":"Recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) after autologous bone marrow transplantation: A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study","volume":"27","author":"Wolff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03000605231187950","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605231187950","article-title":"Application of recombinant human thrombopoietin in pregnant women with immune thrombocytopenia: A single-center experience of four patients and literature review","volume":"51","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Tang, Z., Ji, J., Yang, C., Chen, M., and Han, B. (2021). Recombinant Human Thrombopoietin Accelerates the Recovery of Platelet in Patients With Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.721764"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-013-1819-9","article-title":"Recombinant human thrombopoietin is an effective treatment for thrombocytopenia in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-01-761262","article-title":"A novel recombinant human thrombopoietin therapy for the management of immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy","volume":"130","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157806","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2022.2157806","article-title":"Recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) of different dosing regimens for refractory\/relapsed primary immune thrombocytopenia: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial and pharmacokinetics study","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107982","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel reporter gene assay for determination of recombinant human thrombopoietin","volume":"99","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.08.003","article-title":"Importance of Predosing of Recombinant Human Thrombopoietin to Reduce Chemotherapy-Induced Early Thrombocytopenia","volume":"21","author":"Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"1148","article-title":"A multicenter study of romiplostim for chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies","volume":"106","author":"Parnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.180166","article-title":"The use of romiplostim in treating chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with solid tumors","volume":"103","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-3556-6","article-title":"Platelet aggregation response in immune thrombocytopenia patients treated with romiplostim","volume":"98","author":"Kuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-393900","article-title":"In vivo effects of eltrombopag on platelet function in immune thrombocytopenia: No evidence of platelet activation","volume":"119","author":"Psaila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14295","article-title":"Avatrombopag increases platelet count but not platelet activation in patients with thrombocytopenia resulting from liver disease","volume":"16","author":"Michelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.098921","article-title":"Bone marrow fibrosis in 66 patients with immune thrombocytopenia treated with thrombopoietin-receptor agonists: A single-center, long-term follow-up","volume":"99","author":"Ghanima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2022.106870","article-title":"Eltrombopag may induce bone marrow fibrosis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with prolonged thrombocytopenia","volume":"118","author":"Yegin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.212845","article-title":"Thrombopoietin receptor agonists: Ten years later","volume":"104","author":"Ghanima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy311","article-title":"Overall survival and risk of second malignancies with cancer chemotherapy and G-CSF support","volume":"29","author":"Lyman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabagi, M.J., Goncalves, A., Vey, N., Le Tri, T., Zureik, M., and Dray-Spira, R. (2019). Risk of Hematologic Malignant Neoplasms after Postoperative Treatment of Breast Cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101463"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33216","article-title":"Risk of secondary hematologic malignancies associated with breast cancer chemotherapy and G-CSF support: A nationwide population-based cohort","volume":"148","author":"Jabagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2024, October 20). Neulasta (Pegfilgrastim) for Injection, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/2021\/125031Orig1s202ltr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2024, October 20). Neupogen (Filgrastim) for Injection, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/2021\/103353orig1s5196ltr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.8723","article-title":"Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials of Cancer Chemotherapy With Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Lyman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erickson-Miller, C.L., Pillarisetti, K., Kirchner, J., Figueroa, D.J., Ottesen, L., Martin, A., Liu, Y., Kamel, Y.M., and Messam, C. (2012). Low or undetectable TPO receptor expression in malignant tissue and cell lines derived from breast, lung, and ovarian tumors. BMC Cancer, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-405"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"3509","article-title":"Thrombopoietin receptor expression in human cancer cell lines and primary tissues","volume":"55","author":"Columbyova","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debeljak, N., Sol\u00e1r, P., and Sytkowski, A.J. (2014). Erythropoietin and cancer: The unintended consequences of anemia correction. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00563"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601909356352","article-title":"Erythropoietin Receptor Signaling Through STAT3 Is Required For Glioma Stem Cell Maintenance","volume":"1","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69804","article-title":"Erythropoietin promotes breast tumorigenesis through tumor-initiating cell self-renewal","volume":"124","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6393","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0248","article-title":"Erythropoietin activates cell survival pathways in breast cancer stem-like cells to protect them from chemotherapy","volume":"73","author":"Todaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23068","article-title":"Characterization of erythropoietin receptor and erythropoietin expression and function in human ovarian cancer cells","volume":"122","author":"Jeong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"141","article-title":"Location and the functionality of erythropoietin receptor(s) in A2780 cells","volume":"28","author":"Hrckova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14567-9","article-title":"Erythropoietin to treat head and neck cancer patients with anaemia undergoing radiotherapy: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"362","author":"Henke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2018.02.018","article-title":"DAHANCA 10\u2014Effect of darbepoetin alfa and radiotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase 3 trial by the Danish head and neck cancer group","volume":"127","author":"Overgaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(03)01163-X","article-title":"Breast cancer trial with erythropoietin terminated unexpectedly","volume":"4","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-290080","article-title":"Testing G-CSF responsiveness predicts the individual susceptibility to infection and consecutive treatment in recipients of high-dose chemotherapy","volume":"117","author":"Straka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.203158","article-title":"Dyserythropoiesis evaluated by the RED score and hepcidin:ferritin ratio predicts response to erythropoietin in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"104","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"27","article-title":"Prediction of response to optimize outcome of treatment with erythropoietin","volume":"25","author":"Beguin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26338","article-title":"Thrombopoietin level predicts response to treatment with romiplostim in chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"96","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, S., Wu, J., Jiang, J., Guo, Q., Yu, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Qian, L., Dai, X., and Xie, Y. (2024). Efficacy and Safety of Roxadustat for Anemia in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Nonmyeloid Malignancies: A Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Controlled Phase III Study. J. Clin. Oncol., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02742"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv389","article-title":"A randomised trial of secondary prophylaxis using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (\u2018SPROG\u2019 trial) for maintaining dose intensity of standard adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer by the Anglo-Celtic Cooperative Group and NCRN","volume":"26","author":"Leonard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2019.1670353","article-title":"Neutropenic complications in the PANTHER phase III study of adjuvant tailored dose-dense chemotherapy in early breast cancer","volume":"59","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najafi, S., Ansari, M., Kaveh, V., and Haghighat, S. (2021). Comparing the efficacy and side-effects of PDLASTA\u00ae (Pegfilgrastim) with PDGRASTIM\u00ae (Filgrastim) in breast cancer patients: A non-inferiority randomized clinical trial. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08197-6"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(18)30231-X","article-title":"Eltrombopag treatment during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia: A randomised, double-blind, phase 2 study","volume":"6","author":"Frey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, J., Kim, M., Quan, X., Kim, J.W., Lee, S., Park, S., Jeong, J., and Yea, K. (2023). Thrombopoietin receptor agonist antibody for treating chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. BMC Cancer, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-10975-3"}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/31\/12\/596\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:57:35Z","timestamp":1760115455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/31\/12\/596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol31120596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol31120596","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]}}}