{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:02:06Z","timestamp":1778216526627,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vulvar cancer is one of the rarest gynecological malignancies. The development of this condition can be associated with either dysplasia linked to human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily affecting younger women, or vulvar dermatoses such as lichen sclerosus, which predominantly affect older women. Over the last decade, the incidence of vulvar cancer has risen by 0.6% annually, while the relative survival rate has declined. Although metastasis to the vulva is uncommon, it can occur, particularly from cancers in nearby organs such as the cervix, bladder, rectum, or anus. More rarely, metastases from breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma have been reported in the vulva. Vaginal metastases from clear cell renal carcinoma are especially rare. In this article, we present the case of a 56-year-old patient diagnosed with clear cell renal carcinoma, who came to our clinic with a lesion on the right labia, which was identified as a metastasis originating from the kidney. Given the rarity of genital metastases in renal cancer, such cases should be examined and discussed to encourage further research and studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T19:29:52Z","timestamp":1735154992000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vulvar Metastasis in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report Highlighting the Aggressive Nature of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Andreea","family":"Boiangiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9345-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Cioca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5340-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel-Petre","family":"Gorecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cTitu Maiorescu\u201d University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, CF2 Clinical Hospital, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina-Marina","family":"Sima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The \u201cBucur\u201d Maternity, \u201cSaint John\u201d Hospital, 040294 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Ple\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The \u201cBucur\u201d Maternity, \u201cSaint John\u201d Hospital, 040294 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marius-Bogdan","family":"Novac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0535-7100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionut-Simion","family":"Coman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Bagdasar-Arseni Clinical Emergency Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentin-Titus","family":"Grigorean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Bagdasar-Arseni Clinical Emergency Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasile","family":"Lungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, CF2 Clinical Hospital, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1601-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai-Teodor","family":"Georgescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu\u201d Oncology Discipline, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George-Alexandru","family":"Filipescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2018.09.008","article-title":"Vulvar Cancer","volume":"46","author":"Weinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0009","article-title":"Surgical Management of Vulvar Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Dellinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pliszka, A., Rajda, S., Wawrzyniak, A., Walocha, J., Polguj, M., Wysiadecki, G., Clarke, E., Golberg, M., Zarzecki, M., and Balawender, K. (2023). Testicular Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175636"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15103","article-title":"The giant steps in surgical downsizing toward a personalized treatment of vulvar cancer","volume":"48","author":"Giannini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21332","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Siegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2005.01.012","article-title":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Grignon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"How, J.A., Jazaeri, A.A., Soliman, P.T., Fleming, N.D., Gong, J., Piha-Paul, S.A., Janku, F., Stephen, B., and Naing, A. (2021). Pembrolizumab in vaginal and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: A case series from a phase II basket trial. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83317-7"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi, S.E., Najafi, M., Aslani, A., Fazlollahi, A., Yekta, Z., Sadri, M., and Nejadghaderi, S.A. (2024). A population-based study on incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers in the United States over 2000\u20132020. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61748-2"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"280","article-title":"Review of potential risk factors for kidney (renal cell) cancer","volume":"19","author":"Moyad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/iju5.12179","article-title":"Rapid progression of recurrent disease in a patient with renal cell carcinoma with vaginal metastasis","volume":"3","author":"Hisano","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJU Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.10.047","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma presenting as a perineal mass: Case report and review of the liter-ature","volume":"67","author":"Mendese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz056","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"30","author":"Escudier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5114\/pm.2022.124020","article-title":"Initial presentation of renal cell carcinoma as a vaginal mass with excessive bleeding","volume":"21","author":"Yordanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Menopausal Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouellet, S., Binette, A., Nguyen, A., Garde-Granger, P., and Sabbagh, R. (2018). Metastatic renal cell carcinoma initially presenting with hematochezia and subse-quently with vaginal bleeding: A case report. BMC Urol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-018-0317-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28586","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028586","article-title":"Severe vaginal bleeding due to vaginal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus: A case report","volume":"101","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e48352","article-title":"Clinically Silent, Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Detected on Routine Screening Mammogram: A Report of a Rare Case and Review of Literature","volume":"15","author":"Pernicone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2109279","article-title":"Vaginal bleeding as initial presentation of an aggressive renal cell carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"2018","author":"Jimenez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadler, G.J., Anderson, M.R., Moss, M.S., and Wilson, P.G. (2007). Metastases from renal cell carcinoma presenting as gastrointestinal bleeding: Two case reports and a review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-7-4"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.336125110","article-title":"Metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Radiologic findings and assessment of response to targeted antiangiogenic therapy by using multidetector CT","volume":"33","author":"Brufau","year":"2013","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.14.62.838","article-title":"Gynecologic bleeding revealing vaginal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"2","author":"Benbrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"67","article-title":"Vaginal metastasis of renal clear-cell cancel","volume":"1","author":"Morel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gulf. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2003.11.046","article-title":"Vaginal metastasis and thrombocytopenia from renal cell carcinoma","volume":"92","author":"Allard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"724","article-title":"Hypernephrom der linken Niere mitein er Metastase in der Vagina","volume":"30","author":"Peham","year":"1906","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Gynak. Ol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-017-0666-8","article-title":"Renal clear cell carcinoma metastasis to the breast ten years after nephrectomy: A case report and literature review","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0013","article-title":"Vulvar Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"22","author":"Yashar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"380","article-title":"Vaginal metastasis of a clear renal cell carcinoma","volume":"64","author":"Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"434","article-title":"Vagina as a rare location of renal cell carcinoma metastasis","volume":"37","author":"Ladjevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12362","article-title":"Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Peinemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2017.58.4.220","article-title":"Novel immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"58","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx151","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced renal cell carcinoma: Experience to date and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Atkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:59:45Z","timestamp":1760115585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol32010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol32010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]}}}