{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T06:05:11Z","timestamp":1774332311737,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) has been widely implemented in the treatment of prostate cancer, offering a number of advantages regarding the precision of dose delivery. This study provides an overview of factors, clinical and physical alike, that increase treatment accuracy in prostate cancer radiotherapy in the context of IGRT. The following aspects are explored based on recent literature: the radiotherapy technique used in conjunction with IGRT, the type and frequency of IGRT, the impact of radiotherapy technique\/IGRT on target dosimetry and organs at risk, the influence of IGRT on planning target volume margins, the impact of treatment time on dosimetric outcome and clinical outcomes using IGRT repositioning or an online adaptive plan. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted within Pubmed\/Medline databases to find relevant studies. Of the 152 articles fulfilling the initial search criteria, 79 were selected for final analysis. Results: The frequency of image guidance, the treatment regimen and the radiation technique are important factors that contribute to the optimization and personalization of the treatment plan. The daily anatomy and volume of the bladder and rectum can vary considerably, which can significantly impact the dosimetric effects on these organs. When used in conjunction with volumetric modulated arc therapy, IGRT allows for shaping the dose distribution to avoid nearby critical structures such as the bladder and rectum. Conclusions: Precise tumor targeting via IGRT can result in fewer geometric uncertainties, thereby improving treatment outcome both in terms of superior target coverage and sparing organs at risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32060291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T04:32:37Z","timestamp":1747888357000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["From CBCT to MR-Linac in Image-Guided Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy Towards Treatment Personalization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Florentina Larisa","family":"Coc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Bihor County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 410167 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6703-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana G.","family":"Marcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics & Science, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01858-7","article-title":"Dosimetric comparison of MR-linac-based IMRT and conventional VMAT treatment plans for prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Mendes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-017-1174-2","article-title":"Decreased acute toxicities of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer with prostate-based versus bone-based image guidance","volume":"23","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.12.16","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12684","article-title":"Calculation of delivered composite dose from Calypso tracking data for prostate cancer: And subsequent evaluation of reasonable treatment interruption tolerance limits","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.138200","article-title":"Rapid Arc, helical tomotherapy, sliding window intensity modulated radiotherapy and three dimensional conformal radiation for localized prostate cancer: A dosimetric comparison","volume":"10","author":"Kinhikar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rraa123","article-title":"Dosimetric comparison between volumetric modulated arc therapy planning techniques for prostate cancer in the presence of intrafractional organ deformation","volume":"62","author":"Varnava","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rad. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Emin, S. (2020). Feasibility of Adaptive SBRT of Prostate Cancer: Investigating Uncertainties in AI-Driven and CBCT-Guided Online Adaptive Radiotherapy. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Lund University]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemus, O.M.D., Cao, M., Cai, B., Cummings, M., and Zheng, D. (2024). Adaptive Radiotherapy: Next-Generation Radiotherapy. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16061206"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benitez, C.M., Steinberg, M.L., Cao, M., Qi, S., Lamb, M.J., Kishan, A.U., and Valle, F.L. (2023). MRI-Guided Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: The Next Frontier in Ultrahypofractionation. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15184657"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2020.07.010","article-title":"Clinical Workflow for Treating Patients with a Metallic Hip Prosthesis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Keesman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"e11","article-title":"Time Analysis of Online Adaptive Magnetic Resonance\u2013Guided Radiation Therapy Workflow According to Anatomical Sites","volume":"11","author":"Serbez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"705604","article-title":"Image Guidance in Radiation Therapy: Techniques and Applications","volume":"2014","author":"Goyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2017.05.001","article-title":"2D Kv orthogonal imaging with fiducial markers is more precise for daily image guided alignments than soft-tissue cone beam computed tomography for prostate radiation therapy","volume":"2","author":"Goff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.6558","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided vs Computed Tomography-Guided Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: The MIRAGE Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Kishan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-023-02271-y","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Guided SBRT Reirradiation in Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer: A Multicentric Retrospective Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Boldrini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tipsro.2021.07.001","article-title":"Faster and more accurate patient positioning with surface guided radiotherapy for ultra-hypofractionated prostate cancer patients","volume":"19","author":"Mannerberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tech. Innov. Patient Support Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camps, S.M., Fontanarosa, D., Verhaegen, F., and Vanneste, B.G.L. (2018). The Use of Ultrasound Imaging in the External Beam Radiotherapy Workflow of Prostate Cancer Patients. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7569590"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2024.101612","article-title":"Clinical and Dosimetric Comparison Between Non-image Guided Radiation Therapy and Fiducial-Based Image Guided Radiation Therapy With or Without Reduced Margin in Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Serizawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2021.22.1.61","article-title":"Volumetric-Modulated Arc Radiotherapy with Daily Image-Guidance Carries Better Toxicity Profile for Higher Risk Prostate Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Ghanem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"505","article-title":"Determination of patient set-up error and optimal treatment margin for intensity modulated radiotherapy using image guidance system","volume":"21","author":"Kanakavelu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Off. J. Balk. Union. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.03.020","article-title":"The Dosimetric Impact of Prostate Rotations During Electromagnetically Guided External Beam Radiation Therapy","volume":"85","author":"Amro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-014-0229-z","article-title":"PTV margin definition in hypofractionated IGRT of localized prostate cancer using cone beam CT and orthogonal image pairs with fiducial markers","volume":"9","author":"Oehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"52","article-title":"Errors and Margins in Radiotherapy","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Rad. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2018.05.001","article-title":"The effect of prostate motion during hypofractionated radiotherapy can be reduced by using flattening filter free beams","volume":"6","author":"Benedeka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041707","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4794502","article-title":"Evaluation of multiple image-based modalities for image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) of prostate carcinoma: A prospective study","volume":"40","author":"Mayyas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-016-0734-3","article-title":"Three dimensional surface and ultrasound imaging for daily IGRT of prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Krengli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2013.12.010","article-title":"Modeling positioning uncertainties of prostate cancer external beam radiation therapy using pre-treatment data","volume":"110","author":"Desai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031710","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4866222","article-title":"Assessment and management of interfractional variations in daily diagnostic-quality-CT guided prostate-bed irradiation after prostatectomy","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i5.5448","article-title":"Superiority of a soft tissue-based setup using cone-beam computed tomography over a bony structurebased setup in intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-016-0722-7","article-title":"Initial results for patient setup verification using transperineal ultrasound and cone beam CT in external beam radiation therapy of prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2015.07.147","article-title":"Ultrasound versus Cone-beam CT image-guided radiotherapy for prostate and post-prostatectomy pretreatment localization","volume":"31","author":"Presles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Medica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Sung, J., and Lee, J.S. (2023). Optimal planning target margin for prostate radiotherapy based on interfractional and intrafractional variability assessment during 1.5T MRI-guided radiotherapy. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1337626"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2013.06.003","article-title":"Dosimetric consequences of prostate-based couch shifts on the precision of dose delivery during simultaneous IMRT irradiation of the prostate, seminal vesicles and pelvic lymph nodes","volume":"30","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru033","article-title":"Evaluation of different set-up error corrections on dose\u2013volume metrics in prostate IMRT using CBCT images","volume":"55","author":"Hirose","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiraishi, K., Futaguchi, M., Haga, A., Sakumi, A., Sasaki, K., Yamamoto, K., Igaki, H., Ohtomo, K., Yoda, K., and Nakagawa, K. (2014). Validation of planning target volume margins by analyzing intrafractional localization errors for 14 prostate cancer patients based on three-dimensional cross-correlation between the prostate images of planning CT and intrafraction cone-beam CT during volumetric modulated arc therapy. BioMed Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/960928"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnci.2017.08.003","article-title":"Pelvic bone anatomy vs implanted gold seed marker registration for image-guided intensity modulated radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma: Comparative analysis of inter-fraction motion and toxicities","volume":"29","author":"Rastogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S152915","article-title":"Positioning error and expanding margins of planning target volume with kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography for prostate cancer radiotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_463_17","article-title":"Interfraction prostate displacement during image-guided radiotherapy using intraprostatic fiducial markers and a cone-beam computed tomography system: A volumetric off-line analysis in relation to the variations of rectal and bladder volumes","volume":"15","author":"Ingrosso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v15i2.4418","article-title":"Assessment of setup uncertainties for various tumor sites when using daily CBCT for more than 2200 VMAT treatments","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-018-1286-2","article-title":"Shorter treatment times reduce the impact of intra-fractional motion","volume":"194","author":"Ballhausen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2022.06.013","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-guided radiotherapy for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer: Trade-off between planning target volume margin and online plan adaption","volume":"23","author":"Tetar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710146","article-title":"Set-up Errors and Determination of Planning Target Volume Margins Protocol for Different Anatomical Sites in a Newly Established Tertiary Radiotherapy Centre in India","volume":"6","author":"Mandal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Z., Li, Z., Henderson, R., Hoppe, B.S., Nichols, R.C., Bryant, C., Mendenhall, W., and Mendenhall, N. (2019). PTV Margin Analysis for Prostate Patients Treated with Initial Pelvic Nodal IMRT and Prostate Proton Boost. Phys. Med. Biol., 64.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aafd75"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"15","article-title":"Fiducial markers in prostate cancer image-guided radiotherapy","volume":"33","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.03.013","article-title":"Gating has a negligible impact on dose delivered in MRI-guided online adaptive radiotherapy of prostate cancer","volume":"170","author":"Wahlstedt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2021.07.010","article-title":"On-line daily plan optimization combined with a virtual couch shift procedure to address intrafraction motion in prostate magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Raaymakers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-020-01596-x","article-title":"Adaptive radiotherapy and the dosimetric impact of inter- and intrafractional motion on the planning target volume for prostate cancer patients","volume":"196","author":"Putz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"5675","article-title":"Analysis of Intrafractional Organ Motion for Patients with Prostate Cancer Using Soft Tissue Matching Image-guided Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy by Helical Tomotherapy","volume":"33","author":"Iwama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1043-9","article-title":"The potential failure risk of the cone-beam computed tomography-based planning target volume margin definition for prostate image-guided radiotherapy based on a prospective single-institutional hybrid analysis","volume":"13","author":"Hirose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-015-0935-y","article-title":"Prostate cancer treated with image-guided helical TomoTherapy and image-guided LINAC-IMRT","volume":"192","author":"Drozdz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-015-0919-y","article-title":"Image-guided intensity modulated radiotherapy of prostate cancer","volume":"19","author":"Rudat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i5.5525","article-title":"Adaptive optimization by 6 DOF robotic couch in prostate volumetric IMRT treatment: Rototranslational shift and dosimetric consequences","volume":"16","author":"Chiesa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.183429","article-title":"A dosimetric Comparison between Conventional Fractionated and Hypofractionated Image-guided Radiation Therapies for Localized Prostate Cancer","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-509X.178386","article-title":"The influence of the bowel and bladder preparation protocol for radiotherapy of prostate cancer using kilo-voltage cone beam CT: Our experience","volume":"52","author":"Heng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_57_19","article-title":"Dosimetric analysis of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy-step and shoot, helical tomotherapy, and volumetric modulated arc therapy in prostate cancer radiotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Gozal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13105","article-title":"Prostate SBRT using O-Ring Halcyon Linac. Plan quality, delivery efficiency, and accuracy","volume":"22","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2019.02.001","article-title":"Complementary Relation Between the Improvement of Dose Delivery Technique and PTV Margin Reduction in Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pract. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.08.041","article-title":"Quality-of-Life Outcomes and Toxicity Profile Among Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy Treated with Stereotactic Body Radiation: The SCIMITAR Multicenter Phase 2 Trial","volume":"115","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-016-0728-1","article-title":"Evaluation of daily patient positioning for radiotherapy with a commercial 3D surface-imaging system (Catalyst)","volume":"11","author":"Walter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tipsro.2022.03.003","article-title":"Surface guided radiation therapy: An international survey on current clinical practice","volume":"22","author":"Batista","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tech. Innov. Patient Support. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2016.07.018","article-title":"Image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer with cone beam CT: Dosimetric effects of imaging frequency and PTV margin","volume":"121","author":"Ariyaratne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.08.021","article-title":"A magnetic resonance imaging study of prostate deformation relative to implanted gold fiducial markers","volume":"67","author":"Nichol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westley, L.R., Alexander, S.E., and Goodwin, E. (2024). Magnetic resonance imageguided adaptive radiotherapy enables safe CTV-to-PTV margin reduction in prostate cancer: A cine MRI motion study. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1379596"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14179","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14179","article-title":"The impact of margin reduction on radiation dose distribution of ultra-hypofractionated prostate radiotherapy utilizing a 1.5-T MR-Linac","volume":"25","author":"Onal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2010). ICRU, Report 83, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.12.366","article-title":"A prospective comparison of the effects of interfractional variations on proton therapy and IMRT for prostate cancer","volume":"95","author":"Moteabbed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140459","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20140459","article-title":"Image-guided radiotherapy of the prostate using daily CBCT: The feasibility and likely benefit of implementing a margin reduction","volume":"87","author":"Maund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2023.109761","article-title":"Comparing adaptation strategies in MRI-guided online adaptive radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Implications for treatment margins","volume":"186","author":"Dassen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4651","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164651","article-title":"First experience and prospective evaluation on feasibility and acute toxicity of online adaptive radiotherapy of the prostate bed as salvage treatment in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer on a 1.5T MR-linac","volume":"11","author":"Thome","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140359","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20140359","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MRI in early assessment of tumour response to radiotherapy in high-risk prostate cancer","volume":"87","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.12.007","article-title":"Automatic VMAT planning for post-operative prostate cancer cases using particle swarm optimization: A proof of concept study","volume":"69","author":"Leibfarth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2387","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002387","article-title":"Analysis of Geometric Shifts and Proper Setup-Margin in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Pelvic Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy Using Endorectal Ballooning and Daily Enema for Prostate Immobilization","volume":"95","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01958-4","article-title":"Prostate deformation during hypofractionated radiotherapy: An analysis of implanted fiducial marker displacement","volume":"16","author":"Knybel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130696","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20130696","article-title":"Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to prostate and pelvic nodes\u2014Is pelvic lymph node coverage adequate with fiducial-based image-guided radiotherapy?","volume":"87","author":"Eminowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"39","article-title":"Accuracy of the dose delivery in prostate cancer patients-using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID)","volume":"15","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12158","article-title":"Clinical adequacy assessment of autocontours for prostate IMRT with meaningful endpoints","volume":"44","author":"Nourzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faccenda, V., Panizza, D., Daniotti, M.C., Pellegrini, R., Trivellato, S., Caricato, P., Lucchini, R., De Ponti, E., and Arcangeli, S. (2023). Dosimetric Impact of Intrafraction Prostate Motion and Interfraction Anatomical Changes in Dose-Escalated Linac-Based SBRT. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041153"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-017-1182-1","article-title":"An IGRT margin concept for pelvic lymph nodes in high-risk prostate cancer","volume":"193","author":"Groher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.09.004","article-title":"Clinical application of a sub-fractionation workflow for intrafraction re-planning during prostate radiotherapy treatment on a 1.5 Tesla MR-Linac: A practical method to mitigate intrafraction motion","volume":"176","author":"Willigenburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2018.02.009","article-title":"Optimal image guided radiation therapy strategy for organs at risk sparing in radiotherapy of the prostate including pelvic lymph nodes","volume":"127","author":"Budiharto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2014.04.006","article-title":"Image guided IMRT for localized prostate cancer with daily repositioning: Inferring the difference between planned dose and delivered dose distribution","volume":"30","author":"Arnaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Medica"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7785\/tcrt.2012.500352","article-title":"Quantitative Evaluation of the Benefit of Fiducial Image-Guidance for Prostate Cancer Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy using Daily Dose Volume Histogram Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Kasaova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-014-0291-3","article-title":"Comparison of IMRT and VMAT plans with different energy levels using Monte-Carlo algorithm for prostate cancer","volume":"32","author":"Onal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. Radiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91174","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20039","article-title":"Treatment plan comparison between Tri-Co-60 magnetic resonance image-guided radiation therapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy for prostate cancer","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.10.029","article-title":"Radiotherapy for prostate cancer\u2014Does daily image guidance with tighter margins improve patient reported outcomes compared to weekly orthogonal verified irradiation? Results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"126","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-016-0707-6","article-title":"A treatment planning study comparing tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, Sliding Window and proton therapy for low-risk prostate carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Scobioala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2018.1479068","article-title":"First fully automated planning solution for robotic radiosurgery\u2014Comparison with automatically planned volumetric arc therapy for prostate cancer","volume":"57","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7728","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i22.7728","article-title":"Clinical performance evaluation of O-Ring Halcyon Linac: A realworld study","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2022.09.003","article-title":"VMAT partial arc technique decreases dose to organs at risk in whole pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer when compared to full arc VMAT and IMRT","volume":"48","author":"Bartlett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-022-01011-2","article-title":"Dosimetric evaluation study of IMRT and VMAT techniques for prostate cancer based on different multileaf collimator designs","volume":"62","author":"Fathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, L.R., Tian, Y., and Wang, M.S. (2023). Assessment of delivered dose in prostate cancer patients treated with ultra-hypofractionated radiotherapy on 1.5-Tesla MR-Linac. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1039901"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"101","article-title":"Intrafraction Motion and Margin Assessment for Ethos Online Adaptive Radiotherapy Treatments of the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles","volume":"9","author":"Byrne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.52","article-title":"Comparing four volumetric modulated arc therapy beam arrangements for the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer","volume":"61","author":"Elith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Radiat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.8.3365","article-title":"Comparison of Three Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Low Radiation","volume":"16","author":"Cakir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6203.152237","article-title":"What benefit could be derived from on-line adaptive prostate radiotherapy using rectal diameter as a predictor of motion?","volume":"40","author":"Oates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13881","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13881","article-title":"Effectiveness of robust optimization against geometric uncertainties in TomoHelical planning for prostate cancer","volume":"24","author":"Yagihashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14241","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14241","article-title":"Rectal deformation management with IGRT in prostate radiotherapy: Can it be managed with rigid alignment alone","volume":"25","author":"Polizzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/6\/291\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:38:07Z","timestamp":1760031487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/6\/291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol32060291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol32060291","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}}}