{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:01:01Z","timestamp":1794006061949,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH grant funding","award":["R21AI180739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI180739"]}]},{"name":"NIH grant funding","award":["R01DK137222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK137222"]}]},{"name":"NIH grant funding","award":["R44HL172564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44HL172564"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimal curative therapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) involves hepatic resection; however, due to its insidious nature, iCCA frequently presents at advanced stages. Consequently, 70\u201380% of patients feature unresectable iCCA at presentation. Recent expansions in therapeutic options for locally advanced unresectable iCCA include immunotherapy, targeted chemotherapeutics, and liver-directed therapies. These have increased progression-free survival, enhanced response rates, and improved downstaging for resection. Liver transplant has also emerged as an alternative for patients whose tumors remain unresectable despite therapeutic response. Here, we explore emerging treatment options included in a multidisciplinary treatment paradigm to prolong survival in patients with initially unresectable locally advanced iCCA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32060293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T07:04:28Z","timestamp":1747897468000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Therapeutic Advances in Initially Unresectable Locally Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Emerging Treatments and the Role of Liver Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Lopiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant and HPB Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James V.","family":"Guarrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant and HPB Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4156-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keri E.","family":"Lunsford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant and HPB Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61903-0","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"383","author":"Razumilava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-030220-020455","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panayotova, G., Guerra, J., Guarrera, J.V., and Lunsford, K.E. (2021). The Role of Surgical Resection and Liver Transplantation for the Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112428"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, D.W., Moon, S.H., and Kim, J.H. (2023). Diagnosis of Cholangiocarcinoma. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020233"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connor, A.A., Kodali, S., Abdelrahim, M., Javle, M.M., Brombosz, E.W., and Ghobrial, R.M. (2022). Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: The role of liver transplantation, adjunctive treatments, and prognostic biomarkers. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.996710"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-24-165","article-title":"Epidemiology, survival and new treatment modalities for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0310-z","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: The next horizon in mechanisms and management","volume":"17","author":"Banales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerrito, L., Ainora, M.E., Borriello, R., Piccirilli, G., Garcovich, M., Riccardi, L., Pompili, M., Gasbarrini, A., and Zocco, M.A. (2023). Contrast-Enhanced Imaging in the Management of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: State of Art and Future Perspectives. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133393"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/hpb.12441","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Expert consensus statement","volume":"17","author":"Weber","year":"2015","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073274817744621","DOI":"10.1177\/1073274817744621","article-title":"Liver Resection and Surgical Strategies for Management of Primary Liver Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Orcutt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.5137","article-title":"Treatment and Prognosis for Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Mavros","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.6519","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: An international multi-institutional analysis of prognostic factors and lymph node assessment","volume":"29","author":"Nathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12364","article-title":"Staging, prognostic factors and adjuvant therapy of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after curative resection","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2012.1962","article-title":"Surgical Approach for Long-term Survival of Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multi-institutional Analysis of 434 Patients","volume":"147","author":"Ribero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318236c21d","article-title":"Influence of surgical margins on outcome in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A multicenter study by the AFC-IHCC-2009 study group","volume":"254","author":"Farges","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30915-X","article-title":"Capecitabine compared with observation in resected biliary tract cancer (BILCAP): A randomised, controlled, multicentre, phase 3 study","volume":"20","author":"Primrose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00050","article-title":"Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy or Surveillance in Resected Biliary Tract Cancer (PRODIGE 12-ACCORD 18-UNICANCER GI): A Randomized Phase III Study","volume":"37","author":"Edeline","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.7352","article-title":"Effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus folinic acid or gemcitabine vs observation on survival in patients with resected periampullary adenocarcinoma: The ESPAC-3 periampullary cancer randomized trial","volume":"308","author":"Neoptolemos","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02178","article-title":"Adjuvant Therapy for Resected Biliary Tract Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"37","author":"Shroff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908721","article-title":"Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer","volume":"362","author":"Valle","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EVIDoa2200015","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200015","article-title":"Durvalumab plus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"NEJM Evid."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00727-4","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"401","author":"Kelley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.0270","article-title":"Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and nab-Paclitaxel for the Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial","volume":"5","author":"Shroff","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-01383","article-title":"SWOG S1815: A Phase III Randomized Trial of Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Nab-Paclitaxel Versus Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Newly Diagnosed, Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers","volume":"43","author":"Shroff","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2019.03.023","article-title":"Neoadjuvant vs. adjuvant chemotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: A propensity score matched analysis","volume":"45","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2021.100354","article-title":"Neoadjuvant therapy for cholangiocarcinoma: A comprehensive literature review","volume":"27","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10641","article-title":"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for initially unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"105","author":"Gelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6558","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-023-13809-5","article-title":"NEO-GAP: A Single-Arm, Phase II Feasibility Trial of Neoadjuvant Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Nab-Paclitaxel for Resectable, High-Risk Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Maithel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 06). Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Nab-Paclitaxel Before Surgery in Patients with High-Risk Liver Bile Duct Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03579771."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 02). Durvalumab with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin for the Treatment of High-Risk Resectable Liver Cancer Before Surgery, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06050252."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 02). A Single-Arm Study of Pembrolizumab with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin as Perioperative Therapy for Potentially Resectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05967182."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 02). Gemcitabine\/Cisplatin\/Nab-Paclitaxel and Rilvegostomig in Resectable iCCA (NEOLANGIO), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06569225."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0078","article-title":"Comprehensive Molecular Profiling of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinomas: Potential Targets for Intervention","volume":"24","author":"Lowery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30109-1","article-title":"Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: A multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study","volume":"21","author":"Sahai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206834","article-title":"Futibatinib for FGFR2-Rearranged Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"388","author":"Goyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.3836","article-title":"Final Overall Survival Efficacy Results of Ivosidenib for Patients with Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma with IDH1 Mutation: The Phase 3 Randomized Clinical ClarIDHy Trial","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.64.2710","article-title":"Multi-Institutional Phase II Study of High-Dose Hypofractionated Proton Beam Therapy in Patients with Localized, Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.3778","article-title":"Ablative Radiotherapy Doses Lead to a Substantial Prolongation of Survival in Patients with Inoperable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Dose Response Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"43","article-title":"Proton beam stereotactic body radiotherapy and hypofractionated therapy with pencil beam scanning is safe and effective for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A single center experience","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Radiosurg. SBRT"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourien, H., Pircher, C.C., Guiu, B., Lamarca, A., Valle, J.W., Niger, M., and Edeline, J. (2023). Locoregional Treatment in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Which Treatment for Which Patient?. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15174217"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4534","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.39410","article-title":"Drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization with CalliSpheres microspheres for treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2010.11.002","article-title":"Transarterial chemoembolization versus supportive therapy in the palliative treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"66","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26407","article-title":"Transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: Results and prognostic factors governing treatment success","volume":"131","author":"Vogl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25625","article-title":"Chemoembolization of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with cisplatinum, doxorubicin, mitomycin C, ethiodol, and polyvinyl alcohol: A 2-center study","volume":"117","author":"Kiefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5462","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-022-11932-3","article-title":"Drug-Eluting Bead, Irinotecan Therapy of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (DELTIC) with Concomitant Systemic Gemcitabine and Cisplatin","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.3702","article-title":"Radioembolization Plus Chemotherapy for First-line Treatment of Locally Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Edeline","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2022.02.016","article-title":"Transarterial Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Schartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1159\/000525489","article-title":"Selective Internal Radiation Therapy with Yttrium-90 Resin Microspheres Followed by Gemcitabine plus Cisplatin for Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Single-Arm Multicenter Clinical Trial","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21759","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: An overview of the current and future therapeutic landscape for clinicians","volume":"73","author":"Moris","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massani, M., Bonariol, L., and Stecca, T. (2021). Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy for Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma, a Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122552"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23781","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of hepatic artery based therapies for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"111","author":"Boehm","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29824","article-title":"Unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Systemic plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy is associated with longer survival in comparison with systemic chemotherapy alone","volume":"122","author":"Konstantinidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.3718","article-title":"Assessment of Hepatic Arterial Infusion of Floxuridine in Combination with Systemic Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin in Patients with Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Cercek","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Zhou, J., Miao, Z., Xiong, X., Wei, W., Li, S., and Guo, R. (2024). Efficacy and safety of lenvatinib plus durvalumab combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1397827"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.511","article-title":"A phase II trial of induction systemic mFOLFIRINOX followed by hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine and dexamethasone given concurrently with systemic mFOLFIRI as a first-line therapy in patients with unresectable liver-dominant intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (HELIX-1)","volume":"42","author":"Mayo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Jin, M., Zhao, X., Shen, S., Chen, Y., Xiao, H., Wei, G., He, Q., Li, B., and Peng, Z. (2024). Anti-PD-1 antibody in combination with radiotherapy as first-line therapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03381-4"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-24-71","article-title":"Hepatic artery infusion pump (HAIP) therapy in combination with targeted delivery of IL-12 for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A phase II trial protocol","volume":"15","author":"Victory","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2021.3073563","article-title":"Histotripsy for the Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma Liver Tumors: In Vivo Feasibility and Ex Vivo Dosimetry Study","volume":"68","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, D., Lv, G., and Dong, J. (2021). Liver Transplantation for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: What Are New Insights and What Should We Follow?. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.841694"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2023.07.007","article-title":"Liver transplantation as an alternative for the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Past, present, and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Kodali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"726","article-title":"Hepatic transplantation for primary and metastatic cancers of the liver","volume":"110","author":"Penn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i13.1969","article-title":"Liver transplantation in the management of cholangiocarcinoma: Evolution and contemporary advances","volume":"29","author":"Borakati","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12591","article-title":"\u201cVery early\u201d intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhotic patients: Should liver transplantation be reconsidered in these patients?","volume":"14","author":"Sapisochin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28744","article-title":"Liver transplantation for \u201cvery early\u201d intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: International retrospective study supporting a prospective assessment","volume":"64","author":"Sapisochin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25737","article-title":"Analysis of Liver Resection Versus Liver Transplantation on Outcome of Small Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma in the Setting of Cirrhosis","volume":"26","author":"Rayar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1272839","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: New insights in pathology","volume":"31","author":"Sempoux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283625df9","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-related combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: Clinicopathological and prognostic analysis of 390 cases","volume":"26","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25058","article-title":"Propensity-Matched Analysis of Patients with Mixed Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Liver Transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Lunsford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2020.11.017","article-title":"Multi-Center Analysis of Liver Transplantation for Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Cholangiocarcinoma Liver Tumors","volume":"232","author":"Dageforde","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2011.116","article-title":"Comparative analysis of resection and liver transplantation for intrahepatic and hilar cholangiocarcinoma: A 24-year experience in a single center","volume":"146","author":"Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30045-1","article-title":"Liver transplantation for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy: A prospective case-series","volume":"3","author":"Lunsford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16906","article-title":"Survival following liver transplantation for locally advanced, unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"22","author":"McMillan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2025.02.001","article-title":"Transplantation for Peri-Hilar and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma with mTOR Immunosuppression","volume":"57","author":"Semaan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"znaf054","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znaf054","article-title":"Liver transplantation for locally advanced non-resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy: Early results from the TESLA trial","volume":"112","author":"Yaqub","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1839","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-6720202400045e1839","article-title":"Living donor liver transplant for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. An initial brazilian experience","volume":"37","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cir. Dig."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.10.023","article-title":"Neoadjuvant pemigatinib as a bridge to living donor liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 gene rearrangement","volume":"25","author":"Byrne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26285","article-title":"A 3-Decade, Single-Center Experience of Liver Transplantation for Cholangiocarcinoma: Impact of Era, Tumor Size, Location, and Neoadjuvant Therapy","volume":"28","author":"Ito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13641","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2024.13641","article-title":"Liver Transplantation for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma After Chemotherapy and Radioembolization: An Intention-To-Treat Study","volume":"37","author":"Maspero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"e75935","article-title":"Liver Transplant After Neoadjuvant Treatment for Long-Term Survivors with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Does It Have a Role?","volume":"16","author":"Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 06). Liver Transplantation for Early Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (LT for iCCA), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02878473."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 06). Liver Transplant for Stable, Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04195503."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 06). Liver Transplantation for Non-Resectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Prospective Exploratory Trial (TESLA Trial), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04556214."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 06). Liver Transplantation in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06140134."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 06). LIver Transplantation for Non-Resectable Intrahepatic CholAngiocarcinoma (LIRICA) (LIRICA), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06098547."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 06). Liver Transplantation for Unresectable Intrahepatic Colangiocarcinoma After Sustained Response to Neoadjuvant Treatments (iCOLA), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06862934."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2025, May 06). Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (LIVINCA), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06539377."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32771","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance on primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Bowlus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2023). EASL-ILCA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J. Hepatol., 79, 181\u2013208.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.010"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"National Liver Review Board (NLRB) (2024). Updates Related to Transplant Oncology\u2014Public Comment Proposal, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Liver & Intestinal Organ Transplantation Committee."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andraus, W., Ochoa, G., de Martino, R.B., Pinheiro, R.S.N., Santos, V.R., Lopes, L.D., J\u00fanior, R.M.A., Waisberg, D.R., Santana, A.C., and Tustumi, F. (2024). The role of living donor liver transplantation in treating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1404683"}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/6\/293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:38:22Z","timestamp":1760031502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/6\/293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol32060293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol32060293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}}}