{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:25:58Z","timestamp":1790641558169,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare clonal plasma cell disorder that, if left untreated, carries a high risk of organ damage and mortality. Due to the rarity of the disease and the vulnerability of affected organ systems, treatment requires significant caution and nuance. As a plasma cell dyscrasia, AL amyloidosis treatment regimens are often adapted from those used for related disorders, particularly multiple myeloma. Despite substantial progress in research and drug development, optimal treatment strategies for relapsed\/refractory (RR) AL amyloidosis remain unclear, and no FDA-approved therapies currently exist for this setting. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) has emerged as a promising immunotherapy target, with associated drug classes including antibody\u2013drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and CAR-T cell therapies. These therapies have been extensively studied in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) and are now being explored in the context of RR AL amyloidosis. This review summarizes the current literature on the efficacy and tolerability of BCMA-directed therapies in AL amyloidosis, with a particular emphasis on CAR-T cell therapy and offers comparisons to outcomes observed in RRMM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32080418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:38:41Z","timestamp":1753443521000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["BCMA CAR-T: From Multiple Myeloma to Light-Chain Amyloidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthur Child Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9294-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Hugo","family":"Jimenez-Zepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthur Child Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-022-02414-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of amyloid light-chain amyloidosis","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra023144","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of amyloidosis","volume":"349","author":"Merlini","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehy565.P1813","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy565.P1813","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of light chain amyloidosis: A population-based study","volume":"39","author":"Mohty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00529-w","article-title":"Marked progress in AL amyloidosis survival: A 40-year longitudinal natural history study","volume":"11","author":"Staron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5493","article-title":"Systemic amyloidosis recognition, prognosis, and therapy: A systematic review","volume":"324","author":"Gertz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"67","article-title":"Systemic light chain amyloidosis, version 2.2023, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology","volume":"21","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008737","article-title":"How I treat AL amyloidosis","volume":"139","author":"Palladini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.095463","article-title":"Oral melphalan and dexamethasone grants extended survival with minimal toxicity in AL amyloidosis: Long-term results of a risk-adapted approach","volume":"99","author":"Palladini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V128.22.646.646","article-title":"A randomized phase III trial of melphalan and dexamethasone (MDex) versus bortezomib, melphalan and dexamethasone (BMDex) for untreated patients with AL amyloidosis","volume":"128","author":"Kastritis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197507000-00001","article-title":"Amyloidosis: Review of 236 cases","volume":"54","author":"Kyle","year":"1975","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.7.2801.bloodjournal8872801","article-title":"Dose-intensive melphalan with blood stem cell support for the treatment of AL amyloidosis: One-year follow-up in five patients","volume":"88","author":"Comenzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2007.10.026","article-title":"Amyloidosis 2008 BMT Tandem Meetings (February 13\u201317, San Diego)","volume":"14","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2009.01.022","article-title":"Role of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in primary systemic amyloidosis: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Mhaskar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2021.2002841","article-title":"Guidelines for high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation for systemic AL amyloidosis","volume":"29","author":"Sanchorawala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/13506120701613984","article-title":"An overview of high-dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation in the treatment of AL amyloidosis","volume":"14","author":"Sanchorawala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-390930","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide-bortezomib-dexamethasone (CyBorD) produces rapid and complete hematologic response in patients with AL amyloidosis","volume":"119","author":"Mikhael","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-10-388462","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone therapy in AL amyloidosis is associated with high clonal response rates and prolonged progression-free survival","volume":"119","author":"Venner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2016.03.005","article-title":"Bortezomib-containing regimens for the treatment of newly diagnosed and relapsed amyloid light chain amyloidosis: A single-center experience","volume":"16","author":"Duggan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-01-620302","article-title":"A European collaborative study of cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in upfront treatment of systemic AL amyloidosis","volume":"126","author":"Palladini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2023.07.004","article-title":"Effect of the presence of t(11;14) for patients with AL amyloidosis treated with bortezomib-containing regimens: Experience from the Amyloidosis Program of Calgary","volume":"23","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019004460","article-title":"Daratumumab plus CyBorD for patients with newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis: Safety run-in results of ANDROMEDA","volume":"136","author":"Palladini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028631","article-title":"Daratumumab-based treatment for immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis","volume":"385","author":"Kastritis","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7280805","DOI":"10.1155\/ah\/7280805","article-title":"AL amyloidosis: Current treatment and outcomes","volume":"2025","author":"Locke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2023.2169124","article-title":"A phase 1b dose-escalation study of carfilzomib in combination with thalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed\/refractory systemic immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis","volume":"30","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01317-y","article-title":"A randomized phase 3 study of ixazomib-dexamethasone versus physician\u2019s choice in relapsed or refractory AL amyloidosis","volume":"36","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-030544","article-title":"Lenalidomide and dexamethasone in the treatment of AL amyloidosis: Results of a phase 2 trial","volume":"109","author":"Sanchorawala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5397","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-02-413161","article-title":"Activity of pomalidomide in patients with immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis","volume":"119","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-00397-w","article-title":"Venetoclax induces deep hematologic remissions in t(11;14) relapsed\/refractory AL amyloidosis","volume":"11","author":"Premkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebel, E., Kastritis, E., Palladini, G., Milani, P., Theodorakakou, F., Aumann, S., Lavi, N., Shargian, L., Magen, H., and Cohen, Y. (2023). Venetoclax in relapse\/refractory AL amyloidosis\u2014A multicenter international retrospective real-world study. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061710"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-06-2043","article-title":"Expression of BCMA, TACI, and BAFF-R in multiple myeloma: A mechanism for growth and survival","volume":"103","author":"Novak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.3.1322","article-title":"TNF receptor family member BCMA associates with TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 and activates NF-\u03baB, Elk-1, JNK, and p38 MAPK","volume":"165","author":"Hatzoglou","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/10.11.1693","article-title":"The characterization of murine BCMA gene defines it as a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily","volume":"10","author":"Madry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-535088","article-title":"Novel anti-B-cell maturation antigen antibody-drug conjugate (GSK2857916) selectively induces killing of multiple myeloma","volume":"123","author":"Tai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30788-0","article-title":"Belantamab mafodotin for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM-2): A two-arm, randomized, open-label, phase 2 study","volume":"21","author":"Lonial","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34987","article-title":"Single-agent belantamab mafodotin in patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma: Final analysis of the DREAMM-2 trial","volume":"129","author":"Nooka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HS9.0000846524.06649.c4","article-title":"P914: Efficacy and safety of belantamab mafodotin monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory light chain amyloidosis: A phase 2 study by the european myeloma network","volume":"6","author":"Kastritis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-185861","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of belantamab mafodotin monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory light chain amyloidosis: A phase 2 study by the European Myeloma Network","volume":"142","author":"Kastritis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00717-2","article-title":"High response rates with single-agent belantamab mafodotin in relapsed systemic AL amyloidosis","volume":"12","author":"Khwaja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203478","article-title":"Teclistamab in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"387","author":"Moreau","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002393","article-title":"Teclistamab is an active T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibody against BCMA for multiple myeloma","volume":"4","author":"Pillarisetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14348","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of teclistamab in patients with relapsed or refractory AL amyloidosis","volume":"114","author":"Stalker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023022937","article-title":"Teclistamab in relapsed or refractory AL amyloidosis: A multinational retrospective case series","volume":"143","author":"Forgeard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02528-9","article-title":"Elranatamab in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: Phase 2 MagnetisMM-3 trial results","volume":"29","author":"Lesokhin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Vianna, P.G., Hossain, S., Miller, S., Rossi, A., Cuddy, S.A., Falk, R.H., Laubach, J.P., and Bianchi, G. (2024). Elranatamab in patients with daratumumab relapsed and\/or refractory light chain amyloidosis. Blood, 144, 3304.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-200933"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"European Myeloma Network (2025, July 21). An Open-Label Phase 1b Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of ABBV-383 in AL Amyloidosis, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05259839."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2025, July 21). A phase 1\/2 Study of Linvoseltamab in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis. Identifier: NCT06292780, Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06292780?cond=AL%20amyloidosis%20OR%20%22Light-chain%20amyloidosis%22%20OR%20%22%20primary%20amyloidosis%22&aggFilters=status:not%20rec&viewType=Table&rank=9."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2025, July 21). First in Human, Dose Escalation Study of JNJ 79635322, a Trispecific Antibody, in Participants with RRMM or Previously Treated AL Amyloidosis. Identifier: NCT05652335, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05652335."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2025, July 21). First in Human Open Label Phase 1\/2 Study to Investigate Safety and Efficacy of SAR445514, an NK Cell Engager Targeting BCMA in RRMM and RRL CA. Identifier: NCT05839626, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05839626."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2022). CADTH reimbursement review: Idecabtagene vicleucel (Abecma) for multiple myeloma. Can. J. Health Technol., Available online: https:\/\/canjhealthtechnol.ca\/index.php\/cjht\/article\/view\/pg0240\/386."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-691162","article-title":"APRIL and BCMA promote human multiple myeloma growth and immunosuppression in the bone marrow microenvironment","volume":"127","author":"Tai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2017.03.077","article-title":"Preclinical data support leveraging CS1 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for systemic light chain amyloidosis","volume":"19","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5156","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-0637","article-title":"Feasibility of a novel academic BCMA-CART (HBI0101) for the treatment of relapsed and refractory AL amyloidosis","volume":"28","author":"Asherie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003783","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003783","article-title":"First report of CAR-T therapy in AL amyloidosis and relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Cibeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14293","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of BCMA-directed CAR T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma and concurrent light chain amyloidosis","volume":"113","author":"Goel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebel, E., Asherie, N., Kfir-Erenfeld, S., Grisariu, S., Avni, B., Elias, S., Assayag, M., Dubnikov-Sharon, T., Pick, M., and Alexander-Shani, R. (J. Clin. Oncol., 2024). Efficacy and safety of anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy for the treatment of relapsed and refractory AL amyloidosis, J. Clin. Oncol., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-198256"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9627","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30110697","article-title":"Anti-B Cell Maturation Antigen Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy for the Treatment of AL Amyloidosis and Concurrent Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Preliminary Efficacy and Safety","volume":"30","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7508","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.7508","article-title":"Safety and efficacy data from Nexicart-2, the first US trial of CAR-T in R\/R light chain (AL) amyloidosis, NXC-201","volume":"43","author":"Landau","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024850","article-title":"Idecabtagene vicleucel in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"384","author":"Munshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213614","article-title":"Ide-cel or standard regimens in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"388","author":"Ailawadhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Janssen Inc (2023). Product Monograph Including Patient Medication Information: Carvykti (Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel), Janssen Inc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00842","article-title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, an anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy, for relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma: CARTITUDE-1 2-year follow-up","volume":"41","author":"Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00933-8","article-title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, a BCMA-directed CAR-T therapy in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CARTITUDE-1): A phase 1b\/2 open-label study","volume":"398","author":"Berdeja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00222-X","article-title":"Fractionated initial infusion and booster dose of ARI0002h, a humanized BCMA-directed CAR-T therapy, for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CARTBCMA-HCB-01)","volume":"24","author":"Reguera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanam, R., Faiman, B., Batool, S., Najmuddin, M.M., Usman, R., Kuriakose, K., Ahmed, A., Rehman, M.E.U., Roksana, Z., and Syed, Z. (2023). Management of adverse reactions for BCMA-directed therapy in relapsed multiple myeloma: A focused review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175539"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02148-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity of CAR T-cell therapy and associated prevention and management strategies","volume":"40","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.12.758","article-title":"ASTCT consensus grading for cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicity associated with immune effector cells","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Nguyen, J., and Yen, Y. (2023). Complete spectrum of adverse events associated with CAR-T cell therapies. J. Biomed. Sci., 30.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00982-8"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1319","article-title":"Clinical and biological correlates of neurotoxicity associated with CAR T-cell therapy in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"8","author":"Santomasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-019-0487-3","article-title":"Early and late hematologic toxicity following CD19 CAR-T cells","volume":"54","author":"Fried","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2019.1697814","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors associated with a syndrome of persistent cytopenias after CAR-T cell therapy (PCTT)","volume":"61","author":"Nahas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14100","article-title":"Long-term survivorship care after CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"112","author":"Puckrin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/8\/418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:15:58Z","timestamp":1760033758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/8\/418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol32080418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol32080418","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}}}