{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:43:20Z","timestamp":1760060600914,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"University of Utah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR003107-02S2","RSGI-23-1039245-01-HOPS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR003107-02S2","RSGI-23-1039245-01-HOPS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Cancer Society","award":["UL1 TR003107-02S2","RSGI-23-1039245-01-HOPS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR003107-02S2","RSGI-23-1039245-01-HOPS"]}]},{"name":"Arkansas Biosciences Institute","award":["UL1 TR003107-02S2","RSGI-23-1039245-01-HOPS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR003107-02S2","RSGI-23-1039245-01-HOPS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) display efficacy in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) with brain metastases (BMs) and studies suggest potential synergy with cranial radiation (CR). However, population-based evaluations of optimal time between ICI-CR combinations are limited in the US. Using SEER-Medicare database (2010\u20132019), we analyzed patients aged \u226565 years with NSCLC and BM receiving ICI-CR within 6 months of diagnosis, excluding those receiving targeted therapies. First treatment after diagnosis (ICI or CR) was defined as index treatment; followed by subsequent treatment. Findings were validated using an independent cohort from the TriNetX LIVE\u2122 Platform. Patients were grouped by interval between the end of the index treatment and the start of the subsequent treatment: \u226415 days (n = 117), 16\u201330 days (n = 42), and &gt;30 days (n = 77). Overall survival (OS) was measured from the start of the subsequent treatment until death, end of insurance coverage, or study end. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival curves and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models estimated differences between groups. Among 236 patients, median OS was 134 days, 92 days, and 209 days, respectively. No significant OS differences were found across intervals. However, a survival benefit emerged approximately 300 days after follow-up when ICI was administered within 15 days of CR. These findings offer insight into treatment sequencing in NSCLC with BM and support further investigation in larger cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32090499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T14:53:01Z","timestamp":1757083981000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Survival Outcomes of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Conjunction with Cranial Radiation for Older Adults with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Synchronous Brain Metastasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ruchira V.","family":"Mahashabde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9381-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajjad A.","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley C.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob T.","family":"Painter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mausam","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3426-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Analiz","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7693-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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