{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1791840486891,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) are at heightened risk of long-term neurocognitive and emotional difficulties that can affect educational attainment, social participation, and overall quality of life. These outcomes vary across developmental stages and are influenced by treatment modality, age at diagnosis, and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science for articles published between January 2000 and June 2024. Search terms included combinations of \u201cchildhood cancer survivors,\u201d \u201cneurocognitive outcomes,\u201d \u201cexecutive function,\u201d \u201cemotional regulation,\u201d and related MeSH terms. Inclusion criteria required peer-reviewed studies assessing CCS using standardized neuropsychological or emotional measures. Results: Evidence indicates persistent deficits in processing speed, working memory, and higher-order executive functions, with additional challenges in attention and memory. Emotional difficulties, including anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal, were prevalent and often co-occurred with cognitive impairments. Developmental timing of cancer and treatment was a key determinant of outcome. Family functioning, school reintegration support, and broader social environments emerged as important moderators of resilience. Conclusions: CCSs face complex, interrelated cognitive and emotional challenges that warrant early identification and ongoing, developmentally tailored intervention. Integrated approaches combining cognitive remediation and psychosocial support appear most effective. Future research should prioritize longitudinal designs, multi-informant assessments, and culturally sensitive frameworks to inform targeted prevention and rehabilitation strategies. Our synthesis highlights that deficits in processing speed and working memory are most pronounced following CNS-directed therapies during early developmental stages, whereas emotional vulnerabilities such as anxiety and social withdrawal often emerge later in adolescence. Interventions combining cognitive remediation, targeted psychosocial support, and structured school reintegration show the strongest evidence for improving adaptive outcomes. Coordinated survivorship care across healthcare, educational, and family systems is essential to sustain developmental recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32110611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:21:46Z","timestamp":1762194106000},"page":"611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Neurocognitive and Emotional Outcomes in Childhood Cancer: A Developmental Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios I.","family":"Christou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5466-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Kalfadeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3622-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Tsermentseli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Education, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1001-0926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora","family":"Bacopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Assessment of Adolescent Learning Difficulties, Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1510795","article-title":"Reduction in Late Mortality among 5-Year Survivors of Childhood Cancer","volume":"374","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.5552","article-title":"Psychological Symptoms, Social Outcomes, Socioeconomic Attainment, and Health Behaviors among Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Current State of the Literature","volume":"36","author":"Brinkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.4696","article-title":"Neurocognitive Outcomes and Interventions in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer","volume":"36","author":"Krull","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.016","article-title":"Neurocognitive Outcomes in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated on Contemporary Protocols: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"18","article-title":"Late effects of cancer treatment: Consequences for long-term brain cancer survivors","volume":"8","author":"Alemany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurooncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.77.9454","article-title":"Attainment of functional and social independence in adult survivors of pediatric CNS tumors: A report from the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study","volume":"36","author":"Brinkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22568","article-title":"A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Neurocognitive Sequelae in Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumors","volume":"55","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.2.159","article-title":"Core Neurocognitive Functions in Children Treated for Posterior Fossa Tumors","volume":"22","author":"Mabbott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.00.703","article-title":"Neurocognitive Consequences of Risk-Adapted Therapy for Childhood Medulloblastoma","volume":"23","author":"Mulhern","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.1999.0912","article-title":"Cognitive and academic outcome following cranial irradiation and chemotherapy in children: A longitudinal study","volume":"82","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24821","article-title":"Life partnerships in childhood cancer survivors, their siblings, and the general population","volume":"61","author":"Wengenroth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.943695","article-title":"Executive function late effects in survivors of pediatric brain tumors and acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"36","author":"Winter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2011.580284","article-title":"Neurocognitive and family functioning and quality of life among young adult survivors of childhood brain tumors","volume":"25","author":"Hocking","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2012.0050","article-title":"The association between medication for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and cancer","volume":"23","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3255","article-title":"Slower Processing Speed after Treatment for Pediatric Brain Tumor and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"22","author":"Kahalley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.4534","article-title":"Psychological distress in adult survivors of childhood cancer: The Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"28","author":"Michel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.66.4789","article-title":"Behavioral, Social, and Emotional Symptom Comorbidity and Profiles in Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"34","author":"Brinkman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.2168","article-title":"Lifetime Burden of Psychological Symptoms, Disorders, and Suicide Due to Cancer in Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000076","article-title":"Relations between Posttraumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Growth in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"33","author":"Klosky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.38.6938","article-title":"Male reproductive health after childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers: A report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group","volume":"30","author":"Kenney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l6794","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6794","article-title":"Major cardiac events for adult survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed between 1970 and 1999: Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort","volume":"368","author":"Mulrooney","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-012-0250-x","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of prescription psychoactive medication use in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"7","author":"Brinkman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5262","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.3802","article-title":"Disability in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A Swedish national cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Hjern","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-013-0288-4","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in survivors of childhood cancer: The role of chronic health problems","volume":"7","author":"Rueegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.21.1433","article-title":"Psychological Status in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"27","author":"Zeltzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22982","article-title":"Predictors of independent living status in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.71.7587","article-title":"Neurocognitive functioning of children treated for high-risk B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia randomly assigned to different methotrexate and corticosteroid treatment strategies: A report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group","volume":"35","author":"Hardy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alias, H., Mohd Ranai, N., Lau, S.C.D., and de Sonneville, L.M. (2024). Neuropsychological task outcomes among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Malaysia. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58128-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10028","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.10028","article-title":"Accelerated brain age and associated neurocognitive impairments in adult survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"41","author":"Phillips","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.02315","article-title":"Brain imaging in pediatric cancer survivors: Correlates of cognitive impairment","volume":"39","author":"Kesler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.62.1383","article-title":"Comparing Intelligence Quotient Change after Treatment with Proton versus Photon Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors","volume":"34","author":"Kahalley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14112","article-title":"Adaptive functioning and academic achievement in pediatric survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Associations with executive functioning, socioeconomic status, and academic support","volume":"112","author":"Cook","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e00621","article-title":"Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors","volume":"7","author":"Schachar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-1418","article-title":"Survivors of childhood cancer in the United States: Prevalence and burden of morbidity","volume":"24","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1089\/jayao.2016.0075","article-title":"Building a national framework for adolescent and young adult hematology and oncology and transition from pediatric to adult care: Report of the inaugural meeting of the \u201cAjET\u201d working group of the German Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology","volume":"6","author":"Escherich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Young Adult Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.57.7528","article-title":"Psychosocial and neurocognitive outcomes in adult survivors of adolescent and early young adult cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"33","author":"Prasad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3470","article-title":"The contribution of neurocognitive functioning to quality of life after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"23","author":"Neglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.54.1086","article-title":"Psychosexual functioning among adult female survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"32","author":"Ford","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-015-0961-3","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in young survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"24","author":"Wengenroth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.569","article-title":"Quality of life in childhood cancer survivors","volume":"11","author":"Zebrack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2020.07.002","article-title":"Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors: Early Studies, Survivor Cohorts, and Significant Contributions to the Field of Late Effects","volume":"67","author":"Norsker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6296","article-title":"Clinical Ascertainment of Health Outcomes among Adults Treated for Childhood Cancer","volume":"309","author":"Hudson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.7467","article-title":"Premature Physiologic Aging as a Paradigm for Understanding Increased Risk of Adverse Health Across the Lifespan of Survivors of Childhood Cancer","volume":"36","author":"Ness","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.3920","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Insights into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention","volume":"36","author":"Armenian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003284","article-title":"Characterization of Chronic Pain, Pain Interference, and Daily Pain Experiences in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"165","author":"Alberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e456","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(16)30110-7","article-title":"Leukoencephalopathy and Long-Term Neurobehavioural, Neurocognitive, and Brain Imaging Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Treated with Chemotherapy: A Longitudinal Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janssen, S.H.M., van der Graaf, W.T.A., van der Meer, D.J., Manten-Horst, E., and Husson, O. (2021). Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Survivorship Practices: An Overview. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194847"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01706","article-title":"Superior Intellectual Outcomes after Proton Radiotherapy Compared with Photon Radiotherapy for Pediatric Medulloblastoma","volume":"38","author":"Kahalley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1476-4","article-title":"The Relationship between Working Memory and Cerebral White Matter Volume in Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors Treated with Conformal Radiation Therapy","volume":"119","author":"Jacola","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.34.6585","article-title":"Occurrence of Multiple Subsequent Neoplasms in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"29","author":"Armstrong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-2133","article-title":"Pulmonary Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"140","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28385","article-title":"Suicide Ideation and Associated Mortality in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer","volume":"120","author":"Brinkman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jss046","article-title":"Risky Health Behavior among Adolescents in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Cohort","volume":"37","author":"Klosky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.39.5467","article-title":"Psychosocial Care of Adolescent and Young Adult Patients with Cancer and Survivors","volume":"30","author":"Zebrack","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansom-Daly, U.M., Wakefield, C.E., Bryant, R.A., Butow, P., Sawyer, S., Patterson, P., Anazodo, A., Thompson, K., and Cohn, R.J. (2012). Online Group-Based Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Adolescents and Young Adults after Cancer Treatment: A Multicenter Randomised Controlled Trial of Recapture Life-AYA. BMC Cancer, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-339"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2020.07.005","article-title":"Psychological Outcomes, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Neurocognitive Functioning in Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Their Parents","volume":"67","author":"Michel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-22-1322","article-title":"The Association of Neighborhood Characteristics and Frailty in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study","volume":"32","author":"Schwartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"208","article-title":"Long-Term Complications Following Childhood and Adolescent Cancer: Foundations for Providing Risk-Based Health Care for Survivors","volume":"54","author":"Oeffinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02339-y","article-title":"A Joint International Consensus Statement for Measuring Quality of Survival for Patients with Childhood Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Hudson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3634","article-title":"Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer: Life-Long Risks and Responsibilities","volume":"14","author":"Robison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29356","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29356","article-title":"Late mortality among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed during 1971\u20132008 in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden: A population-based cohort study","volume":"69","author":"Belmonte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq156","article-title":"Neurocognitive Functioning in Adult Survivors of Childhood Non-CNS Cancers","volume":"102","author":"Zeltzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx224","article-title":"Chronic Health Conditions and Neurocognitive Function in Aging Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"110","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.51.1055","article-title":"Aging and Risk of Severe, Disabling, Life-Threatening, and Fatal Events in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"32","author":"Armstrong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayashi, H., Makimoto, A., and Yuza, Y. (2024). Treatment of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Historical Perspective. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16040723"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4242","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.8867","article-title":"Association between the Prevalence of Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00726-6","article-title":"Neurocognitive Outcomes in Pediatric Brain Tumors after Treatment with Proton versus Photon Radiation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Lassaletta","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, T.Z., Wang, L., and Mao, H. (2015). Disruption of White Matter Integrity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors: Correlates with Long-Term Intellectual Outcomes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131744"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu230","article-title":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Neurocognition in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia","volume":"137","author":"Edelmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.4031","article-title":"Reduced Neuroanatomic Volumes in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"31","author":"Zeller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos154","article-title":"White Matter Integrity Is Associated with Cognitive Processing in Patients Treated for a Posterior Fossa Brain Tumor","volume":"14","author":"Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12190","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Concept in Evolution","volume":"275","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otth, M., Michel, G., Gerber, N.U., Guerreiro St\u00fccklin, A.S., von Bueren, A.O., Scheinemann, K., and On Behalf of the Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group (SPOG) (2022). Educational Attainment and Employment Outcome of Survivors of Pediatric CNS Tumors in Switzerland\u2014A Report from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9030411"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0239","article-title":"Physical, Mental, and Neurocognitive Status and Employment Outcomes in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Cohort","volume":"20","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808321065","article-title":"Preventing Neurocognitive Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors","volume":"23","author":"Askins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2023.103914","article-title":"Financial toxicity among adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: A systematic review of educational attainment, employment, and income","volume":"183","author":"Pagalan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21869","article-title":"Effects of Chemotherapy on Neurocognitive Function in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Critical Review of the Literature","volume":"52","author":"Buizer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"dju273","article-title":"Cognitive Processing Speed, White Matter Integrity, and Medical Risk Factors in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"106","author":"Edelmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4351","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4351","article-title":"Long-Term Cause-Specific Mortality among 34,489 Five-Year Survivors of Childhood Cancer in Great Britain: Population Based Cohort Study","volume":"354","author":"Fidler","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsi016","article-title":"Neurocognitive Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.46.7050","article-title":"Accelerated Aging, Decreased White Matter Integrity, and Associated Neuropsychological Dysfunction 25 Years after Pediatric Lymphoid Malignancies","volume":"31","author":"Schuitema","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"143","article-title":"Brain Volume and Cognitive Function in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"2","author":"Edelmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavinoha, P.L., Askins, M.A., Powell, S.K., Smiley, N.P., and Robert, R.S. (2018). Neurocognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors. Bioengineering, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5030073"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.59.1636","article-title":"Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Progress through Collaboration","volume":"33","author":"Pui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.06.011","article-title":"Long-Term Cognitive Sequelae after Pediatric Brain Tumor Related to Medical Risk Factors, Age, and Sex","volume":"51","author":"Perrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34215","article-title":"Recommendations for the Surveillance of Education and Employment Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer: A Report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group","volume":"128","author":"Devine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2136039","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.36039","article-title":"Assessment of the promoting resilience in stress management intervention for adolescent and young adult survivors of cancer at 2 years: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasteler, R., Fuchs, P., Otth, M., and Scheinemann, K. (2023). Interventions to Improve Neurocognitive Late-Effects in Pediatric and Adolescent CNS Tumor Patients and Survivors\u2014A Systematic Review. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1150166"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1215\/S1152851704000079","article-title":"Atypical White Matter Volume Development in Children Following Craniospinal Irradiation","volume":"7","author":"Reddick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.6128","article-title":"Social Support and Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review (2006\u20132022)","volume":"32","author":"Deegan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25797","article-title":"Fatigue, Vitality, Sleep, and Neurocognitive Function in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"117","author":"Clanton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25396","article-title":"Concentration, Working Speed and Memory: Cognitive Problems in Young Childhood Cancer Survivors and Their Siblings","volume":"62","author":"Wengenroth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27434","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27434","article-title":"Social Skills Interventions for Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Review and Reformulation","volume":"65","author":"Willard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5402","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26127","article-title":"Longitudinal Evaluation of Neurocognitive Function after Treatment for Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors in Childhood","volume":"117","author":"Mabbott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.14.1832","article-title":"Childhood Cancer Survivors\u2019 Knowledge about Their Past Diagnosis and Treatment: Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"287","author":"Robison","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33187","article-title":"Suicidality among Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study","volume":"126","author":"Lubas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.02338","article-title":"Cognitive Risk in Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumors","volume":"39","author":"Oyefiade","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.48.2315","article-title":"Neurocognitive Outcomes Decades after Treatment for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study","volume":"31","author":"Krull","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2023.0040","article-title":"Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Oncology, Version 2.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"21","author":"Bhatia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.16875","article-title":"Clinical Care for People Who Survive Childhood Cancer: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Bhatia","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01747","article-title":"Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer: CNS Tumors","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"532","article-title":"\u201cChemobrain\u201d in Childhood Cancer Survivors\u2014The Impact on Social, Academic, and Daily Living Skills: A Qualitative Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Semendric","year":"2023","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pkab069","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkab069","article-title":"Structural and Functional Brain Imaging in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated with Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Gandy","year":"2021","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.02322","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Survivors of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated with Chemotherapy Only","volume":"39","author":"Modi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dju186","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju186","article-title":"Developing Interventions for Cancer-Related Cognitive Dysfunction in Childhood Cancer Survivors","volume":"106","author":"Castellino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101921","article-title":"Determinants of Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Integrating Personal and Societal Values through a Health Utility Approach","volume":"58","author":"Horan","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mash, L.E., Kahalley, L.S., Raghubar, K.P., Goodrich-Hunsaker, N.J., Abildskov, T.J., De Leon, L.A., MacLeod, M., Stancel, H., Parsons, K., and Biekman, B. (2023). Cognitive Sparing in Proton versus Photon Radiotherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumor Is Associated with White Matter Integrity: An Exploratory Study. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061844"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"743","article-title":"White Matter Integrity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors and Its Relation to Neurocognitive Outcomes","volume":"29","author":"King","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29125","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29125","article-title":"Long-Term Cognitive and Academic Outcomes among Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors Treated with Proton versus Photon Radiotherapy","volume":"68","author":"Child","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11355","article-title":"Developmental Model Relating White Matter Volume to Neurocognitive Deficits in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors","volume":"97","author":"Reddick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Major, N., Patel, N.A., Bennett, J., Novakovic, E., Poloni, D., Abraham, M., Brown, N.J., Gendreau, J.L., Sahyouni, R., and Loya, J. (2022). The Current State of Radiotherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors: An Overview of Post-Radiotherapy Neurocognitive Decline and Outcomes. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071050"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14784","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Educational Experiences and Needs of Children with Cancer Returning to School","volume":"77","author":"Sheaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inaba, H., and Pui, C.H. (2021). Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091926"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30283-8","article-title":"Cognitive, behaviour, and academic functioning in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"3","author":"Jacola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"153","article-title":"A Scoping Review Exploring Access to Survivorship Care for Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer Survivors: How Can We Optimize Care Pathways?","volume":"14","author":"McLoone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adolesc. Health Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60457-2","article-title":"Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia","volume":"371","author":"Pui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21544","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Neuropsychological Sequelae of Chemotherapy-Only Treatment for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"51","author":"Peterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv25","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos214","article-title":"Cerebral White Matter Integrity and Executive Function in Adult Survivors of Childhood Medulloblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Brinkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"4950","article-title":"Health Conditions and Mortality in Adult Survivors of Childhood Germ Cell Tumors: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"116","author":"Schultz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20860","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Cognitive Effects of Chemotherapy in Children Treated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"49","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2012.02.014","article-title":"Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors","volume":"19","author":"Ullrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-2541","article-title":"Psychosocial Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adult Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"17","author":"Zeltzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-021-01056-0","article-title":"Health-Related and Cancer Risk Concerns among Siblings of Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS)","volume":"16","author":"Morales","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/11\/611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T19:00:35Z","timestamp":1762196435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/32\/11\/611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol32110611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol32110611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}}}