{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:58:43Z","timestamp":1792792723608,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tersera Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was originally conceived as a noninvasive alternative to functional neurosurgery by the Swedish neurosurgeon Lars Leksell. This review traces the historical development of stereotactic methods from early mechanical frames to advanced image-guided systems and examines the pivotal innovations that enable precise intracranial targeting for SRS. Methods: Using PubMed and Google Scholar, we reviewed the literature on the general history of functional stereotactic neurosurgery and radiosurgery, its indications, and how their treatment methods evolved, focusing mainly on the early period from the end of the 18th century to the 1990s. Results: The origins of stereotaxy as a principle and technique were traced back to the early 20th century with animal studies by Horsley and Clarke, later adapted for human use by Spiegel and Wycis, and then Talairach in the 1940s. This enabled the precise targeting of deep brain structures for lesion-based interventions in movement, pain, and psychiatric disorders. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) emerged in the 1980s as a reversible treatment for tremor. Stereotactic radiosurgery was conceived in 1951 as a noninvasive alternative functional approach and saw limited use until the 1990s due to imaging constraints. With MRI-guided planning, its application has expanded mostly to the management of benign and malignant tumors and vascular disorders, as well as for functional approaches, particularly for trigeminal neuralgia, tremor, epilepsy, and OCD. Conclusions: This review underscores how technological progress and shifting clinical priorities have transformed SRS from a niche neurosurgical technique into a cornerstone of modern clinical practice, with functional SRS representing its latest clinical field of expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32120656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T14:59:04Z","timestamp":1763996344000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["History and Development of Clinical Use of Functional Stereotaxy for Radiation Oncologists: From Its Origins to Its Current State"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Merrik","family":"Goulet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina Laura","family":"Masucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al\u2014CHUM, 1000 Rue St Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5267-3213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Taussky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al\u2014CHUM, 1000 Rue St Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada"},{"name":"Centre NeuroKnife, H\u00f4pital de La Tour, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Levivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre NeuroKnife, H\u00f4pital de La Tour, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gildenberg, P.L., and Krauss, J.K. 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