{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:07:07Z","timestamp":1792552027526,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer is a complex and highly heterogeneous disease, and its management is increasingly moving towards the principles of precision medicine. In this context, the androgen receptor (AR) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target, particularly within the challenging subgroup of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) that express it. This scoping review provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the multifaceted role of AR in breast cancer. We delve into its intricate molecular structure, its differential function in ER-positive vs. TNBC subtypes, and the detailed molecular mechanisms that govern its activity. We provide a thorough examination of the landmark clinical trials with antiandrogen agents, including not only enzalutamide but also other first- and second-generation compounds, and discuss the emerging data on their efficacy. Furthermore, we will explore the critical challenges that hinder their widespread clinical adoption, such as primary and acquired resistance mechanisms, the need for robust predictive biomarkers, and the heterogeneity of AR expression. Finally, we outline future research directions, focusing on novel combination therapies and the development of next-generation agents and predictive tools to optimize patient selection and improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol33010041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:17:32Z","timestamp":1768292252000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Androgen Receptor and Antiandrogen Therapy in Breast Cancer: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6142-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ghidini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Casa di Cura Igea, 20129 Milano, MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Bukovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Casa di Cura Igea, 20129 Milano, MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Roncari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Casa di Cura Igea, 20129 Milano, MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Garassino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Casa di Cura Igea, 20129 Milano, MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvia Milena","family":"Cribi\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest, 24047 Treviglio, BG, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Petrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest, 24047 Treviglio, BG, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/35021093","article-title":"Molecular portraits of human breast tumours","volume":"406","author":"Perou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-3045","article-title":"Triple-negative breast cancer: Clinical features and patterns of recurrence","volume":"13","author":"Dent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. 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