{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T02:38:00Z","timestamp":1793587080996,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody drug conjugate combinations have revolutionized the management of patients with advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma, offering unprecedented survival outcomes. These treatments are now moving into earlier stages of disease, including perioperative treatments for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer planning for curative-intent radical cystectomy. In this setting, there are now standard-of-care options for adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors with or without prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy, perioperative immune checkpoint plus cytotoxic chemotherapy combinations, and perioperative immune checkpoint inhibitor plus antibody drug conjugate combinations. This review will evaluate key clinical trials that led to modern standards of care involving these classes of drugs and highlight ongoing clinical trials that may further shift treatment paradigms for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Key efficacy and toxicity considerations will be reviewed, and available evidence for biomarkers will be evaluated. As immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody drug conjugates continue to demonstrate improved outcomes across the spectrum of bladder cancer treatment, understanding their role in the muscle-invasive disease state is crucial to managing patients with this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol33030162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:12:24Z","timestamp":1773321144000},"page":"162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor and Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugate Approaches in the Perioperative Management of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Vento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8914-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5692-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yair","family":"Lotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Woldu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2017.11.003","article-title":"An update on the molecular pathology of urinary bladder tumors","volume":"214","author":"Yousef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.57.5548","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Selective Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy: A Pooled Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233","volume":"32","author":"Mak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.05.021","article-title":"Discrepancy between Clinical and Pathologic Stage: Impact on Prognosis after Radical Cystectomy","volume":"51","author":"Shariat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17598","article-title":"Bladder Cancer: A Review","volume":"324","author":"Lenis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2025.102466","article-title":"Treatment Patterns, Disease Recurrence, and Overall Survival in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Radical Cystectomy: A Population-Level Claims-Based Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Squires","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-00718","article-title":"Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Watershed Moment","volume":"43","author":"Galsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (NCI) (2025, September 24). Phase III Randomized Trial of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with or Without Atezolizumab in Localized Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03775265."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC (2025, September 24). A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination with Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) Versus CRT Alone in Participants with Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) (KEYNOTE-992), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04241185."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312117","article-title":"Enfortumab Vedotin and Pembrolizumab in Untreated Advanced Urothelial Cancer","volume":"390","author":"Powles","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC (2025, November 24). A Randomized Phase 3 Study Evaluating Cystectomy with Perioperative Pembrolizumab and Cystectomy with Perioperative Enfortumab Vedotin and Pembrolizumab Versus Cystectomy Alone in Participants Who Are Cisplatin-Ineligible or Decline Cisplatin with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (KEYNOTE-905\/EV-303), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03924895."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.09.124","article-title":"Perioperative (periop) enfortumab vedotin (EV) plus pembrolizumab (pembro) in participants (pts) with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who are cisplatin-ineligible: The phase III KEYNOTE-905 study","volume":"36","author":"Vulsteke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LBA630","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2026.44.7_suppl.LBA630","article-title":"Neoadjuvant and adjuvant enfortumab vedotin (EV) plus pembrolizumab (pembro) for participants with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who are eligible for cisplatin: Randomized, open-label, phase 3 KEYNOTE-B15 study","volume":"44","author":"Galsky","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.4591","article-title":"First survival outcomes and biomarker results of SURE-01: Neoadjuvant sacituzumab govitecan (SG) monotherapy, followed by radical cystectomy (RC), in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC)","volume":"43","author":"Maiorano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.5_suppl.665","article-title":"Neoadjuvant treatment with disitamab vedotin plus perioperative toripalimab in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) with HER2 expression: Updated efficacy and safety results from the phase II RC48-C017 trial","volume":"43","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.4588","article-title":"Updated results from a phase II study of perioperative disitamab vedotin (RC48-ADC) plus cadonilimab (AK104) for HER2-expressing muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2408154","article-title":"Perioperative Durvalumab with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Operable Bladder Cancer","volume":"391","author":"Powles","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00340","article-title":"Adjuvant Nivolumab in High-Risk Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Expanded Efficacy from CheckMate 274","volume":"43","author":"Galsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2401726","article-title":"Adjuvant Pembrolizumab versus Observation in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"392","author":"Sonpavde","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2511885","article-title":"ctDNA-Guided Adjuvant Atezolizumab in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"393","author":"Powles","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00004-8","article-title":"Adjuvant atezolizumab versus observation in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor010): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Bellmunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(25)00358-4","article-title":"TAR-200 plus cetrelimab versus cetrelimab monotherapy as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer who are ineligible for or decline neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (SunRISe-4): Interim analysis of a randomised, open-label phase 2 trial","volume":"26","author":"Necchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e067634","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067634","article-title":"Novel sequential treatment strategy for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC): Intravesical recombinant BCG, followed by neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy, radical cystectomy plus pelvic lymphadenectomy and adjuvant immunotherapy\u2014Protocol of a multicentre, single arm phase 2 trial (SAKK 06\/19)","volume":"13","author":"Petrausch","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012045","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-012045","article-title":"Avelumab-based neoadjuvant therapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (AURA Oncodistinct-004): A phase 2 multicenter clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Blanc","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00363","article-title":"Perioperative Chemoimmunotherapy with Durvalumab for Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Primary Analysis of the Single-Arm Phase II Trial SAKK 06\/17","volume":"41","author":"Cathomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5107","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-2158","article-title":"Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab and Radical Cystectomy in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer: 3-Year Median Follow-Up Update of PURE-01 Trial","volume":"28","author":"Basile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.04.013","article-title":"Final Results of Neoadjuvant Atezolizumab in Cisplatin-ineligible Patients with Muscle-invasive Urothelial Cancer of the Bladder","volume":"82","author":"Szabados","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC (2026, January 26). A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate Perioperative Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) + Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Versus Perioperative Placebo + Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Cisplatin-Eligible Participants with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (KEYNOTE-866), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03924856."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2024, February 02). MODERN: An Integrated Phase 2\/3 and Phase 3 Trial of MRD-Based Optimization of ADjuvant ThErapy in URothelial CaNcer, 2023, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05987241."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2024, March 28). A Phase 1\/2 Study of V940 Plus Pembrolizumab with or Without Enfortumab Vedotin in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma (MIUC) (INTerpath-005), 2024, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06305767."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC (2025, September 30). A Phase 3, Randomized, Open-label Study to Evaluate Perioperative Enfortumab Vedotin Plus Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Versus Neoadjuvant Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Cisplatin-Eligible Participants with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (KEYNOTE-B15\/EV-304), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04700124."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Guerrieri, C. (2025, December 03). SURE-02_An Open Label, Single-arm, Phase 2 Study of Perioperative Pembrolizumab Plus Sacituzumab Govitecan, and Bladder-Saving Approach, for Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Who Cannot Receive or Refuse Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05535218."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Necchi, A., Maiorano, B.A., De Jong, J.J., Proudfoot, J.A., Basile, G., Cigliola, A., Mercinelli, C., Tateo, V., Piacentini, M., and Pastorino, G. (2026). Neoadjuvant sacituzumab govitecan plus pembrolizumab, followed by adjuvant pembrolizumab, in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (SURE-02): A single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol., S1470204526000501.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(26)00050-1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.4583","article-title":"Study EV-103 cohort H: Neoadjuvant treatment with enfortumab vedotin (EV) monotherapy in cisplatin (cis)-ineligible patients (pts) with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)\u20143-year efficacy results","volume":"43","author":"Mar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.09.1014","article-title":"2365MO Study EV-103 cohort L: Perioperative treatment w\/ enfortumab vedotin (EV) monotherapy in cisplatin (cis)-ineligible patients (pts) w\/ muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)","volume":"34","author":"Sridhar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2021, August 05). A Phase III Randomized, Open-Label, Multicenter Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Durvalumab in Combination with Tremelimumab and Enfortumab Vedotin or Durvalumab in Combination with Enfortumab Vedotin for Perioperative Treatment in Patients Ineligible for Cisplatin or Who Refuse Cisplatin Undergoing Radical Cystectomy for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (VOLGA), 2021, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04960709."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2022, June 02). Enfortumab Vedotin in Combination with Pembrolizumab for Locally Advanced And\/or Node Positive Urothelial Carcinoma Prior to Surgery (EV-ECLIPSE), 2022, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05239624."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Zhou, F. (2025, December 03). An Open-Label, Single-Arm Phase Ib\/II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Disitamab Vedotin Combined with Ivonescimab in the Perioperative Treatment of Cisplatin-Ineligible Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06957561."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1085-z","article-title":"Preoperative ipilimumab plus nivolumab in locoregionally advanced urothelial cancer: The NABUCCO trial","volume":"26","author":"Silina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1086-y","article-title":"Neoadjuvant PD-L1 plus CTLA-4 blockade in patients with cisplatin-ineligible operable high-risk urothelial carcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03642-9","article-title":"ctDNA guiding adjuvant immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma","volume":"595","author":"Powles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01003","article-title":"Phase II Study of Gemcitabine and Split-Dose Cisplatin Plus Pembrolizumab as Neoadjuvant Therapy Before Radical Cystectomy in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.6_suppl.448","article-title":"HCRN GU14-188: Phase Ib\/II study of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and chemotherapy for T2-4aN0M0 urothelial cancer","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"S1588","article-title":"3069MO Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes from the NIAGARA trial of perioperative durvalumab (D) plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)","volume":"36","author":"Powles","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.4503","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who received perioperative durvalumab (D) in NIAGARA","volume":"43","author":"Powles","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.08.3721","article-title":"3107P Intravesical recombinant BCG followed by perioperative chemo-immunotherapy (chemo-IO) for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC): Interim analysis of SAKK 06\/19 study","volume":"36","author":"Cathomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01983","article-title":"NECTIN4 Amplification Is Frequent in Solid Tumors and Predicts Enfortumab Vedotin Response in Metastatic Urothelial Cancer","volume":"42","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1764","article-title":"Membranous NECTIN-4 Expression Frequently Decreases during Metastatic Spread of Urothelial Carcinoma and Is Associated with Enfortumab Vedotin Resistance","volume":"29","author":"Ralser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-025-01075-x","article-title":"HER2 and urothelial carcinoma: Current understanding and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Raggi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02005","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients with HER2-Expressing Solid Tumors: Primary Results from the DESTINY-PanTumor02 Phase II Trial","volume":"42","author":"Makker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71284","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.71284","article-title":"Treatment-Related Adverse Events and Associated Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Enfortumab Vedotin: Analysis of the UNITE Study","volume":"14","author":"Nizam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"420","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates for urothelial carcinoma","volume":"41","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S508773","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Mechanisms, Incidence, and Management of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan Induced ILD\/Pneumonitis in Solid Tumors","volume":"19","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2024.102847","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates plus immunotherapy in solid tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Villacampa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035807","article-title":"Enfortumab Vedotin in Previously Treated Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"384","author":"Powles","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.01.002","article-title":"TROPHY-U-01, a phase II open-label study of sacituzumab govitecan in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma progressing after platinum-based chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors: Updated safety and efficacy outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Loriot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.01.011","article-title":"Sacituzumab govitecan in advanced urothelial carcinoma: TROPiCS-04, a phase III randomized trial","volume":"36","author":"Powles","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2511648","article-title":"Disitamab Vedotin plus Toripalimab in HER2-Expressing Advanced Urothelial Cancer","volume":"393","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2026, January 05). Seagen, a Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Pfizer. An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled Phase 3 Study of Disitamab Vedotin in Combination with Pembrolizumab Versus Chemotherapy in Subjects with Previously Untreated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma That Expresses HER2 (IHC 1+ and Greater), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05911295."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"University of Washington (2026, January 11). A Pilot Single Arm Trial with Sacituzumab Govitecan as Neoadjuvant Therapy in Pts with Non-Urothelial Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05581589."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (NCI) (2026, January 11). A Phase II\/III Trial of Durvalumab and Chemotherapy for Patients with High Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer Prior to Nephroureterectomy, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04628767."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-01608","article-title":"End Points for the Next-Generation Bladder-Sparing Perioperative Trials for Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"43","author":"Necchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-01214","article-title":"Phase II Trial of Risk-Enabled Therapy After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (RETAIN 1)","volume":"43","author":"Geynisman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.5_suppl.815","article-title":"A phase 2 trial of risk enabled therapy after neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (RETAIN-2)","volume":"43","author":"Ross","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02568-1","article-title":"Gemcitabine and cisplatin plus nivolumab as organ-sparing treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A phase 2 trial","volume":"29","author":"Galsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/33\/3\/162\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:50:52Z","timestamp":1773327052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/33\/3\/162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol33030162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol33030162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}}}