{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:07:54Z","timestamp":1779253674259,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer (PCa) management has evolved with biomarker-driven strategies, yet biological heterogeneity, adaptive resistance, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment limit their efficacy. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has emerged as a central node in PCa pathobiology, influencing tumor survival, metastasis, and immune escape. This review comprehensively reviews Gal-3\u2019s dual role as a biomarker and a therapeutic target. We first delineate the limitations of the current diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in PCa, establishing the unmet need. We then elucidate the multifunctional biology of Gal-3, detailing its compartment-specific roles in anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and, notably, its function as a master regulator of immunosuppression. The interaction between Gal-3 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is explored as a key regulatory interface. Furthermore, we catalog and analyze emerging Gal-3-targeted therapies, emphasizing their rationale for combination with immune checkpoint blockade to reverse therapeutic resistance. Finally, we outline a translational roadmap, advocating for standardized Gal-3 biomarker assays and biomarker-enriched clinical trials. Integrating Gal-3 into the PCa precision medicine toolkit offers a novel strategy to address heterogeneity and improve therapeutic durability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol33050280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T15:39:32Z","timestamp":1778513972000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prostate Cancer Biomarkers with a Focus on Galectin-3: Emerging Clinical and Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Hiba","family":"Narvel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Arfat","family":"Ganiyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Gulam Nabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni 413736, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Garje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlycoMantra Inc., Baltimore, MD 21227, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafiz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlycoMantra Inc., Baltimore, MD 21227, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kilari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8145173","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8145173","article-title":"Causes of Death after Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: A Population-Based Study","volume":"2022","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. 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