{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:41:23Z","timestamp":1785436883492,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alexion Pharma Canada Corp."},{"name":"Amgen Canada Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008207","name":"AstraZeneca Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008207","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd.\/Lt\u00e9e"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/031sxg258","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline Inc."},{"name":"J&J Innovative Medicine Canada"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0129t8w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021981","name":"Roche Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ThermoFisher Scientific Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Genomic medicine\u2014i.e., the use of laboratory-based biomarkers that measure the expression, function and regulation of genes and gene products to aid healthcare decision making is a rapidly emerging technology. Readiness to consider and adopt new testing programs effectively and avoid critical challenges requires health systems to harbor a number of key conditions that address infrastructural, as well operational and other needs. This assessment re-examines Canada\u2019s state of readiness since a previously published 2023 assessment. (2) Methods: A mixed-methods approach of a review of the literature and key informant interviews with a purposive sample of experts was used. Health system readiness was assessed using a previously published set of conditions. (3) Results: This updated analysis of Canada\u2019s state of readiness for genetic and genomic testing reveals Canada is only partially ready for a future of genomic medicine, although some progress has been made since 2023. The most established conditions were the use of appropriate service models and the integration of innovation and healthcare delivery functions. They suggest that Canada\u2019s major healthcare regions are moving closer to a state of readiness for the consideration and adoption of new testing required for genomic medicine, although using different approaches and at different rates. These findings should be seen as generalizable to other regions internationally\u2014health systems need to have functions that promote responsiveness and resilience, i.e., are able to recognize valuable innovation and quickly shift priorities and create conditions necessary to enable it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol33060334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:11:04Z","timestamp":1780593064000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Readiness to Consider and Adopt Genetic and Genomic Tests in Canada\u2014An Update to the State of Readiness Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4416-6876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don","family":"Husereau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1079-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Servidio-Italiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorectal Cancer Resource & Action Network (CCRAN), Toronto, ON M4W 3E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika Slovinec","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Muthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marivek Healthcare Consulting, Epsom KT18 7PF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Mengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Ivany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte","family":"Steuten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Health Economics, London SE1 2HB, UK"},{"name":"City Health Economics Centre, St. George\u2019s University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl S.","family":"Spinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Predicta Biosciences, 750 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9234-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Sheffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Osler Health System, Brampton, ON L6R 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8514-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7962-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry","family":"Arshoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnosis, Solutions & Results Inc., Thornhill, ON L4J 7N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0887-378X.2004.00325.x","article-title":"Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations","volume":"82","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1258\/jhsrp.2010.009137","article-title":"Adopting and assimilating new non-pharmaceutical technologies into health care: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Robert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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