{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:18:25Z","timestamp":1787980705966,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr. Oncol.","Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adjuvant and perioperative immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have created a growing population of patients who relapse after prior programmed death-1 or programmed death-ligand 1 blockade, yet these patients were underrepresented in many trials that established metastatic standards. We performed a structured narrative review of PubMed\/MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, reference lists, and international oncology guideline repositories through 15 August 2026. Eligible reports addressed recurrence patterns or treatment after curative-intent ICI in melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), urothelial carcinoma, or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); landmark metastatic studies were included only when direct evidence was unavailable and are labeled as extrapolation. Timing was standardized as on-treatment recurrence, early off-treatment recurrence (after the last ICI dose through 12 months), and late recurrence (&gt;12 months). Shorter disease-free interval is consistently prognostic, but treatment-by-timing interactions are rarely available; timing should not be described as a validated pan-tumor predictive biomarker. Direct post-adjuvant evidence supports switching away from anti-PD-1 monotherapy for melanoma recurring on treatment, while selected late relapses may retain sensitivity. In RCC, retrospective post-adjuvant data support VEGF-targeted options, whereas CONTACT-03 and TiNivo-2 discourage routine ICI-TKI rechallenge specifically after prior ICI-treated metastatic RCC. Evidence in NSCLC, urothelial carcinoma, and TNBC is largely indirect. IMpassion132 was not an ICI-rechallenge trial, and only a small minority of ASCENT-04 participants had prior perioperative ICI. Treatment should integrate tumor-specific biology, actionable alterations, recurrence distribution, prior toxicity, comorbidity, access, and patient preference. Prospective trials dedicated to post-adjuvant ICI recurrence are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol33090512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:47:13Z","timestamp":1787849233000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Management of Advanced Solid Tumors Recurring After Adjuvant Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Structured Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9639-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Petrelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest, 24047 Treviglio, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Dottorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest, 24047 Treviglio, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6142-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ghidini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Casa di Cura Igea, 20144 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Zambelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.115381","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus placebo as adjuvant therapy in resected stage IIB or IIC melanoma: Long-term follow-up, crossover, and rechallenge with pembrolizumab in the phase III KEYNOTE-716 study","volume":"220","author":"Luke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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