{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:43:25Z","timestamp":1785480205945,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dermatopathology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ulcerations of the lower extremities are a frequently encountered problem in clinical practice and are of significant interest in public health due to the high prevalence of underlying pathologies, including chronic venous disease, diabetes and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. However, leg ulcers can also present as signs and symptoms of various rare diseases and even as an adverse reaction to drugs. In such cases, correct diagnosis ultimately relies on histopathological examination. Apart from the macroscopic presentation, patient history and anatomic location, which are sometimes indicative, most ulcers have very distinct histopathological features. These features are found in different layers of the skin or even associated vessels. In this narrative review, we discuss and highlight the histopathological differences of several types of leg ulcers that can contribute to efficient and accurate diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/dermatopathology11010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T12:06:58Z","timestamp":1706616418000},"page":"62-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Histopathology of Leg Ulcers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amun Georg","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4237-1526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Deinsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Oszwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355513477066","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of leg ulcers","volume":"28","author":"Pannier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05222.x","article-title":"Causes, investigation and treatment of leg ulceration","volume":"148","author":"Mekkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/413604","article-title":"Chronic Leg Ulcers: Epidemiology, Aetiopathogenesis, and Management","volume":"2013","author":"Agale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ulcers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000060619","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of leg ulcers","volume":"27","author":"Lautenschlager","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2009.00543.x","article-title":"Human skin wounds: A major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy","volume":"17","author":"Sen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810206","article-title":"Venous and non-venous leg ulcers: Clinical history and appearance in a population study","volume":"81","author":"Bergqvist","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch075","article-title":"Prevalence of leg ulceration in a London population","volume":"97","author":"Moffatt","year":"2004","journal-title":"QJM Mon. J. Assoc. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678308996562","article-title":"Increased incidence of lower limb amputation for arterial occlusive disease","volume":"54","author":"Liedberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"S1-6\u201312","article-title":"Management of venous ulcers","volume":"3","author":"Bello","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.11.012","article-title":"Uncommon leg ulcers in the lower extremity","volume":"45","author":"Labropoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2005.01.018","article-title":"Leg ulcers: Uncommon presentations","volume":"23","author":"Gottrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"483","article-title":"First manifestation of leg ulcers: Analysis of data from 1000 patients","volume":"68","author":"Sondermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hautarzt Z. Dermatol. Venerol. Verwandte Geb."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2019.28.Sup6.S1","article-title":"Atypical wounds. Best clinical practice and challenges","volume":"28","author":"Isoherranen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.04.049","article-title":"Management of venous leg ulcers: Clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery\u00ae and the American Venous Forum","volume":"60","author":"Passman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"24","article-title":"The Association for the Advancement of Wound Care (AAWC) venous and pressure ulcer guidelines","volume":"60","author":"Bolton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ostomy. Wound Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.3362","article-title":"Angio-Dermatology Group Of The French Society Of Dermatology Malignancy and chronic leg ulcers: The value of systematic wound biopsies: A prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study","volume":"148","author":"Senet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000141","article-title":"Vascular leg ulcers: Histopathologic study of 293 patients","volume":"36","author":"Misciali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Maibach, H.I., and Shai, A. (2005). Wound Healing and Ulcers of the Skin, Springer."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"483","article-title":"Causes of leg ulcers. Analysis of the data from a dermatologic wound care center","volume":"60","author":"Schadendorf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hautarzt Z. Dermatol. Venerol. Verwandte Geb."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.3.149","article-title":"Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study","volume":"53","author":"Evans","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritsch, P., and Schwarz, T. (2018). Dermatologie Venerologie: Grundlagen, Klinik, Atlas, 3. Vollst\u00e4ndig \u00dcberarbeitete Auflage; Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53647-6"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.09.027","article-title":"Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: Consensus statement","volume":"40","author":"Rutherford","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13848","article-title":"Evidence-based (S3) guidelines for diagnostics and treatment of venous leg ulcers","volume":"30","author":"Neumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. JEADV"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780226","article-title":"Histological study of white blood cells and their association with lipodermatosclerosis and venous ulceration","volume":"78","author":"Scott","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(93)90109-Y","article-title":"Leukocytes: Their role in the etiopathogenesis of skin damage in venous disease","volume":"17","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355516632998","article-title":"Pathophysiology of wound healing and alterations in venous leg ulcers-review","volume":"31","author":"Raffetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1080\/mic.7.S1.S3.S12","article-title":"Microcirculatory dysfunction in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)","volume":"7","author":"Steins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2119\/2006-00054.Brem","article-title":"Molecular markers in patients with chronic wounds to guide surgical debridement","volume":"13","author":"Brem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Sequential changes in histologic pattern and extracellular matrix deposition during the healing of chronic venous ulcers","volume":"141","author":"Herrick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7537.347","article-title":"Venous and arterial leg ulcers","volume":"332","author":"Grey","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"497","article-title":"Evaluation of apoptotic cells and immunohistochemical detection of FAS, FAS-L, Bcl-2, Bax, p53 and c-Myc in the skin of patients with chronic venous leg ulcers","volume":"22","author":"Heising","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800680502","article-title":"The relationship between the number of capillaries in the skin of the venous ulcer-bearing area of the lower leg and the fall in foot vein pressure during exercise","volume":"68","author":"Burnand","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660290088022","article-title":"Dermal pericapillary fibrin in venous disease and venous ulceration","volume":"123","author":"Falanga","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90325-7","article-title":"The cause of venous ulceration","volume":"2","author":"Browse","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1990.tb00100.x","article-title":"Pericapillary fibrin cuff: A histological sign of venous leg ulceration","volume":"17","author":"Vanscheidt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.05.048","article-title":"Histopathologic analysis of dermal lymphatic alterations in chronic venous insufficiency ulcers using D2-40","volume":"64","author":"Fernandez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012178","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1012178","article-title":"Livedoid vasculopathy\u2014A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge","volume":"9","author":"Burg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-011-2172-3","article-title":"Livedoid vasculopathy. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous infarction","volume":"62","author":"Goerge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hautarzt Z. Dermatol. Venerol. Verwandte Geb."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962011000500015","article-title":"Livedoid vasculopathy: An intringuing cutaneous disease","volume":"86","author":"Criado","year":"2011","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000455098.98684.95","article-title":"Atrophie Blanche: Is It Associated with Venous Disease or Livedoid Vasculopathy?","volume":"27","author":"Alavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1966.01600200043006","article-title":"Atrophie blanche: Periodic painful ulcers of lower extremities. A clinical and histopathological entity","volume":"93","author":"Gray","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2965","article-title":"Livedoid Vasculopathy: A French Observational Study Including Therapeutic Options","volume":"98","author":"Gardette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000296","article-title":"Livedoid vasculopathy\u2014A thrombotic disease","volume":"42","author":"Kerk","year":"2013","journal-title":"VASA Z. Gefasskrankheiten"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001133","article-title":"Livedoid Vasculopathy Presenting in a Patient With Sickle Cell Disease","volume":"40","author":"Reagin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12255","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12255","article-title":"Enhanced mRNA expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in livedoid vasculopathy lesions","volume":"35","author":"Agirbasli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1458","article-title":"Recurrent leg ulcers due to livedoid vasculopathy: Successful treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin","volume":"138","author":"Becker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1946"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1967.01610050011002","article-title":"Livedo vasculitis. Segmental hyalinizing vasculitis of the dermis","volume":"96","author":"Bard","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11294","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160511294","article-title":"A review of the pathophysiology and potential biomarkers for peripheral artery disease","volume":"16","author":"Krishna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1393976","article-title":"Overview of classification systems in peripheral artery disease","volume":"31","author":"Hardman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1436","article-title":"Contemporary evaluation and management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease","volume":"102","author":"Foley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Br. Card. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00129334-200406000-00013","article-title":"Arterial insufficiency and ulceration: Diagnosis and treatment options","volume":"17","author":"Sieggreen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.224","article-title":"Martorell hypertensive ischemic leg ulcer: A model of ischemic subcutaneous arteriolosclerosis","volume":"146","author":"Hafner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.08.005","article-title":"Normo-renal calciphylaxis: Response to sodium thiosulfate","volume":"64","author":"Ong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, B., Deinsberger, J., Hafner, J., Beltraminelli, H., Tzaneva, S., and B\u00f6hler, K. (2020). Localization-mapping of arteriolosclerotic ulcers of Martorell using two-dimensional computational rendering reveals a predominant location on the mid-lateral lower leg. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 35.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16787"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1945","article-title":"Leg ulcers hypertonicum","volume":"52","author":"Martorell","year":"1957","journal-title":"Med. Klin."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"337","article-title":"Ulcer of the leg due to arteriolosclerosis and ischemia, occurring in the presence of hypertensive disease (hypertensive-ischemic ulcers)","volume":"21","author":"Hines","year":"1946","journal-title":"Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03553.x","article-title":"Arteriolosclerotic ulcer of Martorell","volume":"24","author":"Vuerstaek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. JEADV"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1159\/000448245","article-title":"Calciphylaxis and Martorell Hypertensive Ischemic Leg Ulcer: Same Pattern\u2014One Pathophysiology","volume":"232","author":"Hafner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01399.x","article-title":"A retrospective review of 20 hypertensive leg ulcers treated with mesh skin grafts","volume":"20","author":"Dagregorio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000430884","article-title":"Martorell\u2019s Ulcer: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge","volume":"7","author":"Pinto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31820308b2","article-title":"Use of a Spinal Cord Stimulator for Treatment of Martorell Hypertensive Ulcer","volume":"36","author":"Villanueva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.11.030","article-title":"Involvement of IL-1 and Oncostatin M in Acanthosis Associated With Hypertensive Leg Ulcer","volume":"182","author":"Giot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.04.056","article-title":"Reply","volume":"46","author":"Vuerstaek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"132","article-title":"Hypertensive ischemic leg ulcer (Martorell\u2019s ulcer): A specific disease entity?","volume":"11","author":"Leu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. Angiol. J. Int. Union Angiol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Skin blood flow measurement in microangiopathic changes","volume":"60","author":"Kuiper","year":"1985","journal-title":"Z. Hautkr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1995.tb02666.x","article-title":"Arterial hypertension causing leg ulcers","volume":"20","author":"Henderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000423433.03586.a6","article-title":"Enduring eponyms: The mystery of the Martorell ulcer","volume":"25","author":"Salcido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000492669","article-title":"Cutaneous Arteriolosclerosis Is Not Specific to Ischemic Hypertensive Leg Ulcers","volume":"234","author":"Monfort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-013-0782-z","article-title":"Calciphylaxis: Diagnosis and clinical features","volume":"17","author":"Hayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2015.09.001","article-title":"Calcinosis Cutis and Calciphylaxis","volume":"106","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00530108","article-title":"Calciphylaxis from nonuremic causes: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Nigwekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.2.11354","article-title":"Calcific uremic arteriolopathy: Pathophysiology, reactive oxygen species and therapeutic approaches","volume":"3","author":"Sowers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.6326","article-title":"The Successful Treatment of Calciphylaxis with Sodium Thiosulfate and Hyperbaric Oxygen in a Non-dialyzed Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"55","author":"Aihara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.0381","article-title":"Localization, Morphologic Features, and Chemical Composition of Calciphylaxis-Related Skin Deposits in Patients With Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy","volume":"155","author":"Colboc","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198412203112506","article-title":"Current concepts. Vascular and microvascular disease of the foot in diabetes. Implications for foot care","volume":"311","author":"LoGerfo","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302008000700007","article-title":"Comparative histological study of atherosclerotic lesions and microvascular changes in amputated lower limbs of diabetic and non-diabetic patients","volume":"52","author":"Caffaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.8.4.261","article-title":"Nonatheromatous peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremity in diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1959","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1002\/dme.1996.13.s1.30","article-title":"The Histology of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"13","author":"Ferguson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2174\/157339911795843159","article-title":"Gait-related strategies for the prevention of plantar ulcer development in the high risk foot","volume":"7","author":"Bowling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3123","article-title":"Semiquantitative analysis of the histopathological features of the neuropathic foot ulcer: Effects of pressure relief","volume":"26","author":"Piaggesi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(91)90196-S","article-title":"Diabetes impairs the late inflammatory response to wound healing","volume":"50","author":"Fahey","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70039-8","article-title":"Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis","volume":"39","author":"Lotti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03970.x","article-title":"Localized Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis: Localized WG","volume":"25","author":"Marzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cutaneous Ulcers as Initial Presentation of Localized Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"2015","author":"Nasir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"850364","article-title":"Large pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcers: A rare presentation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"2014","author":"Tashtoush","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70224-1","article-title":"Cutaneous Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis: Clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic features of thirty patients","volume":"31","author":"Daoud","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199502000-00005","article-title":"Cutaneous pathology in Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis. A clinicopathologic study of 75 biopsies in 46 patients","volume":"19","author":"Barksdale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06497.x","article-title":"Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis presenting as pyoderma gangrenosum","volume":"6","author":"Boudny","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. J. Ger. Soc. Dermatol. JDDG"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-4035-z","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcerations in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: Two cases and literature review","volume":"38","author":"Genovese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.08.005","article-title":"Skin involvement in cutaneous and systemic vasculitis","volume":"12","author":"Marzano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8616-5","article-title":"Cutaneous Manifestations of ANCA-Associated Small Vessels Vasculitis","volume":"53","author":"Marzano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0034","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations in patients with microscopic polyangiitis: Two case reports and a minireview","volume":"86","author":"Kawakami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"H\u00f6fler, G., Kreipe, H.H., and Moch, H. (2019). Pathologie: Das Lehrbuch: Mit 1.300 Meist Farbigen Abbildungen und rund 150 Tabellen, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2009.03443.x","article-title":"The histological assessment of cutaneous vasculitis","volume":"56","author":"Carlson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08788-4","article-title":"Cutaneous Vasculitis: Review on Diagnosis and Clinicopathologic Correlations","volume":"61","author":"Frumholtz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/01.dad.0000246646.45651.a2","article-title":"Cutaneous vasculitis update: Small vessel neutrophilic vasculitis syndromes","volume":"28","author":"Carlson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7560.181","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum","volume":"333","author":"Brooklyn","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03199.x","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum: An updated review","volume":"23","author":"Ruocco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S61202","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum: Challenges and solutions","volume":"8","author":"Gameiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230315","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-230315","article-title":"Challenge of diagnosing pyoderma gangrenosum after caesarean section","volume":"12","author":"Foessleitner","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013383","article-title":"Skin Ulcers Misdiagnosed as Pyoderma Gangrenosum","volume":"347","author":"Weenig","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1986.tb00466.x","article-title":"Histopathologic and immunopathologic study of pyoderma gangrenosum","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.93482","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum: An update","volume":"3","author":"Bhat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Elder, D.E. (2015). Lever\u2019s Histopathology of the Skin, Wolters Kluwer. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70080-8","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum: A review","volume":"18","author":"Schwaegerle","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1984.tb00795.x","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum and leucocytoclastic vasculitis in association with rheumatoid arthritis-a report of two cases","volume":"9","author":"English","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1985.tb02554.x","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum and leucocytoclastic vasculitis","volume":"10","author":"Wong","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2015.03.003","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica","volume":"33","author":"Sibbald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000088","article-title":"Necrobiosis Lipoidica With Elastophagocytosis on an Unusual Location","volume":"36","author":"Tee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1966.01600210008002","article-title":"Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. A clinical and pathological investigation of 171 cases","volume":"93","author":"Muller","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Lepe, K., Riley, C.A., and Salazar, F.J. (2020, October 19). Necrobiosis lipoidica, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459318\/."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Calonje, J.E., Brenn, T., Lazar, A.J., and McKee, P.H. (2011). Pathology of the Skin, Elsevier Health Sciences UK. Available online: http:\/\/www.myilibrary.com?id=756554."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2019.05.010","article-title":"Ulcerated indurated plaques on the upper extremities","volume":"5","author":"Eason","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsi.2011.05.006","article-title":"The many faces of necrobiosis lipoidica: A report of three cases with histologic variations","volume":"29","author":"Yen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"371","article-title":"Decubitus ulcers: Pathophysiology and primary prevention","volume":"107","author":"Anders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arzteblatt Int."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(95)90037-3","article-title":"Pressure (decubitus) ulcer: Variation in histopathology?A light and electron microscope study*1","volume":"26","author":"Vandeberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(82)70085-4","article-title":"Histopathology of the decubitus ulcer","volume":"6","author":"Witkowski","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-1-199801010-00005","article-title":"Hydroxyurea-Induced Leg Ulceration in 14 Patients","volume":"128","author":"Best","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081042","article-title":"Hydroxyurea-induced ulcers on the leg","volume":"180","author":"Dissemond","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ Can. Med. Assoc. J. J. Assoc. Medicale Can."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-011-1270-8","article-title":"Mimicry of hydroxyurea-induced leg ulcer by distal vena saphena parva insufficiency","volume":"91","author":"Goerge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.7.818","article-title":"Leg Ulcers and Hydroxyurea: Forty-one Cases","volume":"135","author":"Sirieix","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1999.tb03510.x","article-title":"Hydroxyurea-related leg ulcers in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Kato","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2013.08.002","article-title":"Cutaneous ulcers associated with hydroxyurea therapy","volume":"22","author":"Quattrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tissue Viability"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)70276-7","article-title":"Hydroxyurea dermopathy: A unique lichenoid eruption complicating long-term therapy with hydroxyurea","volume":"36","author":"Daoud","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90297-9","article-title":"Vasculitic leg ulcers in chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"78","author":"Stahl","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1993.tb03445.x","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma arising in venous ulcers and mimicking granulation tissue","volume":"19","author":"Harris","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70172-X","article-title":"Nonhealing leg ulcers: A manifestation of basal cell carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Phillips","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000247946","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma within the clinical picture of a chronic venous insufficiency in the third stage","volume":"181","author":"Blank","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1983.01650310049010","article-title":"Metastasizing basal cell carcinoma originating in a stasis ulcer in a black woman","volume":"119","author":"Lanehart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-198404000-00015","article-title":"Marjolin\u2019s ulcer. Report of two cases and evidence that Marjolin did not describe cancer arising in scars of burns","volume":"6","author":"Steffen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215001904545","article-title":"Marjolin\u2019s ulcer presenting in the neck","volume":"114","author":"Simmons","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"592","article-title":"Neoplastic ulcus cruris. Spinocellular carcinoma of the left lower leg with lymph node metastases of the popliteal, inguinal and iliac areas","volume":"40","author":"Riess","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hautarzt Z. Dermatol. Venerol. Verwandte Geb."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000530068.44631.dc","article-title":"Ulcerated Basal Cell Carcinomas Masquerading as Venous Leg Ulcers","volume":"31","author":"Millsop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"63","article-title":"Epidermoid cancers that masquerade as venous ulcer disease","volume":"49","author":"Snyder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ostomy. Wound Manag."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2010.00763.x","article-title":"Clinical challenge: Cutaneous Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma of the lower extremity","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(98)80039-8","article-title":"Non-Hodgkins lymphoma masquerading as a chronic venous leg ulcer","volume":"51","author":"Boyce","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"92","article-title":"Cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the leg mimicking a chronic venous ulcer","volume":"17","author":"Mayorga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol. EJD"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-0963.2001.04520.x","article-title":"Cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma of the leg masquerading as a chronic venous ulcer","volume":"146","author":"Garbea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"253","article-title":"Relapsed lymphoma mimicking venous ulcer: A case report","volume":"73","author":"Kamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-9740.2004.03005.x","article-title":"Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome presenting with leg ulcers","volume":"3","author":"Brenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2011.00846.x","article-title":"Leg ulcers associated with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"341","article-title":"Leg ulcers in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome\u2014Further evidence for an involvement of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1","volume":"136","author":"Zollner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.0946","article-title":"Human Wounds and Its Burden: An Updated Compendium of Estimates","volume":"8","author":"Sen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200304080-00007","article-title":"The Social and Economic Burden of Venous Leg Ulcers: Focus on the Role of Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction Adjuvant Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Simka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1998.60105.x","article-title":"Epidemiological study of chronic dermal ulcers in China","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02858.x","article-title":"Etiology and incidence of chronic ulcers in Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"45","author":"Zeegelaar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.04.011","article-title":"Histopathologic vasculitis from the periulcer edge: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2004.11.011","article-title":"Chronic wounds","volume":"32","author":"Izadi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S231896","article-title":"Atypical Ulcers: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"14","author":"Janowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.06.033","article-title":"Skin biopsy","volume":"74","author":"Elston","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2021.4182","article-title":"Microstructural comparative analysis of calcification patterns in calciphylaxis versus arteriolosclerotic ulcer of Martorell","volume":"31","author":"Deinsberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Dermatopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2296-3529\/11\/1\/7\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:51:02Z","timestamp":1760104262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2296-3529\/11\/1\/7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["dermatopathology11010007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dermatopathology11010007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-3529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-3529","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]}}}