{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T12:17:08Z","timestamp":1788005828150,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are genetically determined diseases, leading to a deficiency of enzymes in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation pathway. The accumulation of GAG occurs in connective tissue in various organs and systems of the body, including the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Respiratory symptoms are common and severe in these patients, and respiratory disease is a frequent cause of death. A cross-sectional study with flexible bronchoscopy was conducted in 30 MPS patients (6 MPS I, 8 MPS II, 2 MPS III, 3 MPS IV-A, and 11 MPS VI). Only four patients (13.33%) had a normal airway; nine (30%) had mild to moderate disease, 12 (40%) moderate to severe, and five patients (16.67%) had severe disease. Of particular interest, neuronopathic MPS II had the largest proportion of tracheostomized patients who died due to respiratory complications; in MPS IV-A, all patients had significant tracheobronchial deformity with associated tracheomalacia, despite lacking laryngeal involvement. Laryngotracheobronchial disease (LTBD) was associated to longer disease history and was significantly more severe in older patients. Longer use of enzyme replacement therapy did not prevent the progression of LTBD, although the age of therapy introduction may be a crucial factor in lower airway involvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T10:20:29Z","timestamp":1578651629000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Laryngeal, Tracheal, and Bronchial Disease in the Mucopolysaccharidoses: Endoscopic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0811-3582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Pires de Mello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Department, National Institute of Women, Children, and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneliese","family":"Lopes Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Department, National Institute of Women, Children, and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1520-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"de Araujo Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Department, National Institute of Women, Children, and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Pires de Mello Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Department, National Institute of Women, Children, and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafne","family":"Dain Gandelman Horovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Department, National Institute of Women, Children, and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3101(24)00309-8","article-title":"Mucopolysacharidoses","volume":"33","author":"Muenzer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. 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