{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:13:04Z","timestamp":1788174784786,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]],"date-time":"2020-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims: T1-mapping is considered a surrogate marker of acute myocardial inflammation. However, in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) this might be confounded by coexisting myocardial fibrosis. We hypothesized that T1-based indices should not by themselves be considered as indicators of myocardial inflammation in dcSSc patients. Methods\/Results: A cohort of 59 dcSSc and 34 infectious myocarditis patients was prospectively evaluated using a 1.5-Tesla system for an indication of suspected myocardial inflammation and was compared with 31 healthy controls. Collectively, 33 (97%) and 57 (98%) of myocarditis and dcSSc patients respectively had \u22651 pathologic T2-based index. However, 33 (97%) and 45 (76%) of myocarditis and dcSSc patients respectively had \u22651 pathologic T2-based index. T2-signal ratio was significantly higher in myocarditis patients compared with dcSSc patients (2.5 (0.6) vs. 2.1 (0.4), p &lt; 0.001). Early gadolinium enhancement, late gadolinium enhancement and T2-mapping did not differ significantly between groups. However, both native T1-mapping and extracellular volume fraction were significantly lower in myocarditis compared with dcSSc patients (1051.0 (1027.0, 1099.0) vs. 1120.0 (1065.0, 1170.0), p &lt; 0.001 and 28.0 (26.0, 30.0) vs. 31.5 (30.0, 33.0), p &lt; 0.001, respectively). The original Lake Louise criteria (LLc) were positive in 34 (100%) myocarditis and 40 (69%) dcSSc patients, while the updated LLc were positive in 32 (94%) and 44 (76%) patients, respectively. Both criteria had good agreement with greater but nonsignificant discordance in dcSSc patients. Conclusions: ~25% of dcSSc patients with suspected myocardial inflammation had no CMR evidence of acute inflammatory processes. T1-based indices should not be used by themselves as surrogates of acute myocardial inflammation in dcSSc patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10050335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1590389020000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Double-Edged Sword of T1-Mapping in Systemic Sclerosis\u2014A Comparison with Infectious Myocarditis Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8192-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Markousis-Mavrogenis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loukia","family":"Koutsogeorgopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology Dpt., Laikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3214-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gikas","family":"Katsifis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Navy Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0364-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Dimitroulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Dpt., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genovefa","family":"Kolovou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George D.","family":"Kitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros P.","family":"Sfikakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laikon Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie I.","family":"Mavrogeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31139","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis: A prototypic multisystem fibrotic disorder","volume":"117","author":"Varga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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