{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:29:07Z","timestamp":1783434547181,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1266053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1266053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008376","name":"Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TYH2012209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYH2012209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008376","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008376","name":"Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TYH2012005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYH2012005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008376","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cumulative risk score (CRS) is a mathematical salivary diagnostic model to define an individual\u2019s risk of having periodontitis. In order to further validate this salivary biomarker, we investigated how periodontal bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and systemic and local host immune responses relate to CRS. Subgingival plaque, saliva, and serum samples collected from 445 individuals were used in the analyses. Plaque levels of 28 microbial species, especially those of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia, and serum and salivary levels of IgA and IgG against these five species were determined. Additionally, LPS activity was measured. High CRS associated strongly with all IgA\/IgG antibody and LPS levels in saliva, whereas in serum the associations were not that obvious. In the final logistic regression model, the best predictors of high CRS were saliva IgA burden against the five species (OR 7.04, 95% CI 2.25\u201322.0), IgG burden (3.79, 1.78\u20138.08), LPS (2.19, 1.38\u20133.47), and the sum of 17 subgingival Gram-negative species (6.19, 2.10\u201318.3). CRS is strongly associated with microbial biomarker species of periodontitis and salivary humoral immune responses against them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10080560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T15:13:18Z","timestamp":1596640398000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Immunological and Microbiological Profiling of Cumulative Risk Score for Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3948-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joonas","family":"Liukkonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1225-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulvi K.","family":"G\u00fcrsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eija","family":"K\u00f6n\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1783-5330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramin","family":"Akhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, 90100 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90100 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Nordlab, Oulu University Hospital, 90100 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aino","family":"Salminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6562-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Liljestrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratikshya","family":"Pradhan-Palikhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milla","family":"Pieti\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Sorsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, 12343 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Rutger","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2091-972X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"M\u00e4ntyl\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, 70100 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, 70100 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e5re","family":"Buhlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, 12343 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2048-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Paju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Sinisalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohvi","family":"H\u00f6rkk\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, 90100 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90100 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Nordlab, Oulu University Hospital, 90100 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3563-1876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pirkko J.","family":"Pussinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12005","article-title":"Periodontal disease immunology: \u2018Double indemnity\u2019 in protecting the host","volume":"62","author":"Ebersole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12682","article-title":"Role of microbial biofilms in the maintenance of oral health and in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. 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