{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:39Z","timestamp":1787027919572,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) have significantly higher rates of cardiovascular events, including hospitalization for heart failure, sudden cardiac death, and myocardial infarction (MI). In CMD, several pathophysiological changes lead to functional and structural abnormalities in the coronary microvasculature, which disrupt the ability of the vessels to vasodilate and augment myocardial blood flow in response to increased myocardial oxygen demand, causing ischemia and angina. With the advent of more advanced non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques, the coronary microvasculature has been subjected to more intense study in the past two decades\u2014this has led to further insights into the diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment, prognosis and follow-up of CMD. This review will highlight and compare the salient features of the currently available non-invasive imaging modalities used in these patients, and discuss the clinical utility of these techniques in the workup and management of these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10090679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T09:01:09Z","timestamp":1599642069000},"page":"679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and the Role of Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Talha","family":"Ayub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.726562","article-title":"Impact of Ethnicity and Gender Differences on Angiographic Coronary Artery Disease Prevalence and In-Hospital Mortality in the American College of Cardiology\u2013National Cardiovascular Data Registry","volume":"117","author":"Shaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22894","article-title":"Why names matter for women: MINOCA\/INOCA (myocardial infarction\/ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease)","volume":"41","author":"Claudio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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