{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:34:47Z","timestamp":1781663687312,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this systematic review, we investigate the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). We identified 85 cases from 22 studies. The frequency of CAPA is currently unknown but ranges between &lt;5% to &gt;30% in different case series; the possibility of colonization rather than invasive disease is the most important confounder. The vast majority of patients with CAPA did not have any of the classic host risk factors, such as immunosuppression from organ transplant or neutropenia, although a significant proportion (46%) had received corticosteroids. Age, pulmonary comorbidities and male sex were associated with higher mortality. Patients treated with voriconazole had numerically lower case-fatality rate. Clinical vigilance for CAPA is advisable in critically ill patients with COVID-19 who are not improving, even those who do not meet classic host criteria for invasive mycoses, especially if they are receiving corticosteroids. A thorough, multi-faceted diagnostic work-up and early initiation of a mold-active triazole may be lifesaving. Further research studies using standardized, uniform definitions of invasive disease and colonization are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10100807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T10:18:00Z","timestamp":1602497880000},"page":"807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Apostolopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerelda","family":"Esquer Garrigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7143-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakhar","family":"Vijayvargiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5131-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis Hope","family":"Lerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Farmakiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, July 26). 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