{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:26:13Z","timestamp":1789572373656,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The complement system has a significant role in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury, being responsible for cell lysis and amplification of inflammatory response. In this context, several studies highlight that terminal complement complex C5b-9, also known as the membrane attack complex (MAC), is a significant contributor. The MAC functions were studied by many researchers analyzing the characteristics of its activation in myocardial infarction. Here, a systematic literature review was reported to evaluate the principal features, advantages, and limits (regarding the application) of complement components and MAC in post mortem settings to perform the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia\/infarction. The review was performed according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a total of 26 studies were identified. Several methods studied MAC, and each study contributes to defining better how and when it affects the myocardial damage in ischemic\/reperfusion injury. The articles were discussed, focusing on the specificity, sensibility, and post mortem stability of MAC as a marker of myocardial ischemia\/infarction, supporting the usefulness in routine post mortem investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T19:51:31Z","timestamp":1604346691000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Membrane Attack Complex in Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review for Post Mortem Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mondello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Ventura Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Cardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Sapienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Scurria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Gualniera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Asmundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200405000-00002","article-title":"The role of the complement system in ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"21","author":"Arumugam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(97)00060-X","article-title":"Complement inhibitors in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"38","author":"Lucchesi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"420","article-title":"Complement, neutrophils and free radicals: Mediators of reperfusion injury","volume":"44","author":"Lucchesi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000136993.34344.41","article-title":"Temporal trends in coronary heart disease mortality and sudden cardiac death from 1950\u20131999: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"110","author":"Fox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"173","article-title":"Retrospective study on the comparison of out-of-hospital and in-hospital sudden cardiovascular death: An Italian experience","volume":"10","author":"Bartoloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.06.029","article-title":"Current burden of sudden cardiac death: Multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community","volume":"44","author":"Chugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2015.07.003","article-title":"Sudden death in water: Diagnostic challenges","volume":"6","author":"Mondello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000154","article-title":"Unexpected death for Takayasu aortitis associated with coronary ostial stenosis: Case report","volume":"36","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/0025817218759630","article-title":"An unusual case of sudden cardiac death during sexual intercourse","volume":"86","author":"Mondello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Leg. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"175","article-title":"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy associated with Polyarteritis Nodosa: A case of sudden cardiac death","volume":"13","author":"Mondello","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBJ"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"399","article-title":"Effect of a transient period of ischemia on myocardial cells. II. Fine structure during the first few minutes of reflow","volume":"74","author":"Kloner","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.01.001","article-title":"Inflammation following acute myocardial infarction: Multiple players, dynamic roles, and novel therapeutic opportunities","volume":"186","author":"Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.05.041","article-title":"The HMGB1-TLR4 axis contributes to myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury via regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis","volume":"527","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2016.1088005","article-title":"Targeting danger-associated molecular patterns after myocardial infarction","volume":"20","author":"Arslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.740233","article-title":"Anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, inhibits apoptosis in experimental acute myocardial infarction","volume":"117","author":"Abbate","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.208785","article-title":"C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, fibrinogen and risk of sudden death in European middle-aged men: The PRIME study","volume":"30","author":"Empana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303577","article-title":"The biological basis for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction: From inflammation to fibrosis","volume":"119","author":"Prabhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.1.36","article-title":"Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology","volume":"89","author":"Becker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059467","article-title":"Factors influencing the presence or absence of acute coronary artery thrombi in sudden ischaemic death","volume":"10","author":"Davies","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.027235","article-title":"Colocalisation of intraplaque C reactive protein, complement, oxidised low density lipoprotein, and macrophages in stable and unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction","volume":"59","author":"Meuwissen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023846","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death caused by coronary heart disease","volume":"125","author":"Myerburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000688","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry in the detection of early myocardial infarction: Systematic review and analysis of limitation because of autolysis and putrefaction","volume":"28","author":"Barranco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1494-1","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of early myocardial infarction: A systematic review","volume":"131","author":"Mondello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.9.5.975","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of complement inhibitors in myocardial ischaemia","volume":"9","author":"Lucchesi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.34.040194.000313","article-title":"Complement activation and inhibition in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury","volume":"34","author":"Homeister","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.11.1868978","article-title":"Inflammation in the course of early myocardial ischemia","volume":"5","author":"Entman","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.1.400","article-title":"Neutrophil accumulation in ischemic canine myocardium. Insights into time course, distribution, and mechanism of localization during early reperfusion","volume":"84","author":"Dreyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs018","article-title":"The innate immune response in reperfused myocardium","volume":"94","author":"Timmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-8206.2001.00040.x","article-title":"Complement and its implications in cardiac ischemia\/reperfusion: Strategies to inhibit complement","volume":"15","author":"Monsinjon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1434","article-title":"Enhancement by the complement membrane attack complex of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced endothelial cell expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1","volume":"155","author":"Kilgore","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.12.3705.3705","article-title":"Hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells induce activation of adherent polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"83","author":"Arnould","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.9.1619","article-title":"The cytolytically inactive terminal complement complex activates endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules and tissue factor procoagulant activity","volume":"185","author":"Tedesco","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"953","article-title":"The membrane attack complex of complement induces interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"149","author":"Kilgore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.1.156","article-title":"The complement system in ischemic heart disease","volume":"81","author":"Yasuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05303.x","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of SC5b-9 and C5b-9(m) in infarcted areas of human myocardium","volume":"81","author":"Hugo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"65","article-title":"Regulation of complement membrane attack complex formation in myocardial infarction","volume":"143","author":"Laurila","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"177","article-title":"Co-deposition of clusterin with the complement membrane attack complex in myocardial infarction","volume":"80","author":"Laurila","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1357","article-title":"Time course of complement activation and inhibitor expression after ischemic injury of rat myocardium","volume":"144","author":"Morgan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-005-3856-8","article-title":"Time course studies on the initiation of complement activation in acute myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation in rats","volume":"268","author":"Sumitra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060516","article-title":"Early accumulation of the terminal complement-complex in the ischaemic myocardium after reperfusion","volume":"15","author":"Mathey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01092756","article-title":"Membrane attack complex of complement and 20 kDa homologous restriction factor (CD59) in myocardial infarction","volume":"430","author":"Tada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.09.015","article-title":"The study of the protein complement in myocardial infarction","volume":"162","author":"Ilczuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.83.8.860","article-title":"Human heart generates complement proteins that are upregulated and activated after myocardial infarction","volume":"83","author":"Yasojima","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6363(96)00082-X","article-title":"Influence of the terminal complement-complex on reperfusion injury, no-reflow and arrhythmias: A comparison between C6-competent and C6-deficient rabbits","volume":"32","author":"Ito","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2004.01425.x","article-title":"C-reactive protein and complement depositions in human infarcted myocardium are more extensive in patients with reinfarction or upon treatment with reperfusion","volume":"34","author":"Nijmeijer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200211000-00012","article-title":"Marked activation of complement and leukocytes and an increase in the concentrations of soluble endothelial adhesion molecules during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and early reperfusion after cardiac arrest in humans","volume":"30","author":"Motsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.06.006","article-title":"Complement Activation in Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Early Marker of Inflammation and Tissue Injury?","volume":"200","author":"Bavia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01225234","article-title":"The application of selected histochemical and immunohistochemical markers and procedures to the diagnosis of early myocardial damage","volume":"106","author":"Brinkmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01845613","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of early myocardial infarction. An evaluation of antibodies against the terminal complement complex (C5b-9)","volume":"108","author":"Edston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(94)01640-Q","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of C5b-9(m) in myocardium: An aid in distinguishing infarction-induced ischemic heart muscle necrosis from other forms of lethal myocardial injury","volume":"71","author":"Thomsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s004149900094","article-title":"A comparative study on the immunohistochemical detection of early myocardial damage","volume":"113","author":"Ortmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e318177eab7","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death and myocardial ischemia indicators: A comparative study of four immunohistochemical markers","volume":"29","author":"Campobasso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"767","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry of connexin43 and zonula occludens-1 in the myocardium as markers of early ischemia in autopsy material","volume":"29","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1401-9","article-title":"Early markers for myocardial ischemia and sudden cardiac death","volume":"130","author":"Sabatasso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-018-1843-3","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study on dystrophin expression in CAD-related sudden cardiac death: A marker of early myocardial ischaemia","volume":"132","author":"Mondello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0512-y","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of fibronectin and C5b-9 in the myocardium in cases of carbon monoxide poisoning","volume":"125","author":"Fracasso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-011-0547-8","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of fibronectin and C5b-9 in the myocardium in cases of fatal ethanol intoxication","volume":"125","author":"Fracasso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01224773","article-title":"Susceptibility of C5b-9(m) to postmortem changes","volume":"106","author":"Thomsen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140000140","article-title":"Demonstration of myocardial necrosis in the presence of advanced putrefaction","volume":"114","author":"Ortmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109933","article-title":"Complement localization and mediation of ischemic injury in baboon myocardium","volume":"66","author":"Pinckard","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.78.6.1449","article-title":"Complement and neutrophil activation in the pathogenesis of ischemic myocardial injury","volume":"78","author":"Crawford","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.6.1945","article-title":"Deposition of the Terminal C5b-9 Complement Complex in Infarcted Areas of Human Myocardium","volume":"137","author":"Mathey","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.71.2.303","article-title":"Effects of complement activation in the isolated heart. Role of the terminal complement components","volume":"71","author":"Homeister","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1997.0573","article-title":"Attenuation of interleukin-8 expression in C6-deficient rabbits after myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"30","author":"Kilgore","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.22.2259","article-title":"Myocardial infarction and apoptosis after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: Role of the terminal complement components and inhibition by anti-C5 therapy","volume":"97","author":"Vakeva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02105-1","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of P-selectin, SP-A, HSP70, aquaporin 5, and fibronectin in saltwater drowning and freshwater drowning","volume":"133","author":"Barranco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stassi, C., Mondello, C., Baldino, G., and Ventura Spagnolo, E. (2020). Post-Mortem investigations for the diagnosis of sepsis: A review of literature. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10100849"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-018-1780-1","article-title":"Forensic application of epidermal AQP3 expression to determination of wound vitality in human compressed neck skin","volume":"132","author":"Ishida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-018-1840-6","article-title":"Analysis on sarcoglycans expression as markers of septic cardiomyopathy in sepsis-related death","volume":"132","author":"Mondello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140100229","article-title":"Myocardial contraction bands. Definition, quantification and significance in forensic pathology","volume":"115","author":"Baroldi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1750-z","article-title":"Molecular tissue changes in early myocardial ischemia: From pathophysiology to the identification of new diagnostic markers","volume":"132","author":"Aljakna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/10\/11\/898\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:28:21Z","timestamp":1760178501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/10\/11\/898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics10110898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics10110898","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]}}}