{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:07:34Z","timestamp":1762956454254,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC 2017-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2017-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although specific neuropsychological deficits have been recognized during the active phase of epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (ECTS), the natural cognitive and neuropsychological history after remission has not been elucidated so far. We evaluated the natural cognitive and neuropsychological outcomes five years after disease remission and investigated possible predictors of long-term outcome among socio-demographic and electro-clinical variables. We performed an observational cross-sectional study. Electro-clinical characteristics during the active phase of epilepsy, as well as antiepileptic treatment and premorbid neurodevelopmental concerns were reviewed for 70 patients. At least five years after epilepsy remission, all patients were contacted, and 46 completed a structured questionnaire about patients\u2019 current education and academic skills, general health, and parents\u2019 socio-economic status. Among them, 23 patients underwent an ad hoc cognitive and neuropsychological protocol and emotional-behavioral assessment. Chi-square tests and t-tests were carried out to define the role of putative predictors of neuropsychological outcomes. Mean cognitive and neuropsychological performances appeared to be overall adequate, except for the dictation. Positive family history for epilepsy (p = 0.01769) and familial socioeconomic status (mother\u2019s schooling (p = 0.04169), father\u2019s schooling (p = 0.01939), mother\u2019s income (p = 0.0262), father\u2019s income (p = 0.01331)) were identified as predictors of outcomes. Our data suggest that ECTS with typical electro-clinical features depicts an overall preserved cognitive and neuropsychological long-term outcome. We suggest particular attention should be paid to patients with socio-economic disadvantage and familial history of epilepsy, as they may experience worse neurocognitive post-morbid performances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes: Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes 5 Years after Remission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5645-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costanza","family":"Varesio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina Paola","family":"Zanaboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa Carlotta","family":"Salmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Totaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Totaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3217-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ballante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioData Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Pasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2851-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierangelo","family":"Veggiotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Vittore Buzzi Hospital, 20100 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Department, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20100 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"De Giorgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S49","article-title":"Benign Focal Epilepsies of Childhood","volume":"34","author":"Holmes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.01.041","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral outcomes in benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes","volume":"45","author":"Vannest","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn162","article-title":"Benign childhood focal epilepsies: Assessment of established and newly recognized syndromes","volume":"131","author":"Panayiotopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04275-0","article-title":"Analysis of serial electroencephalographic predictors of seizure recurrence in Rolandic epilepsy","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. 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