{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:04:25Z","timestamp":1784293465624,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques and electroencephalography (EEG) were used to investigate sleep with a focus on impaired arousal mechanisms in disorders of arousal (DOAs). With a prevalence of 2\u20134% in adults, DOAs are significant disorders that are currently gaining attention among physicians. The paper describes a simultaneous EEG and fMRI experiment conducted in adult individuals with DOAs (n=10). Both EEG and fMRI data were validated by reproducing well established EEG and fMRI associations. A method for identification of both brain functional areas and EEG rhythms associated with DOAs in shallow sleep was designed. Significant differences between patients and controls were found in delta, theta, and alpha bands during awakening epochs. General linear models of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal have shown the secondary visual cortex and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex to be associated with alpha spectral power fluctuations, and the precuneus with delta spectral power fluctuations, specifically in patients and not in controls. Future EEG\u2013fMRI sleep studies should also consider subject comfort as an important aspect in the experimental design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10121087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T21:25:08Z","timestamp":1607981108000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Simultaneous fMRI-EEG-Based Characterisation of NREM Parasomnia Disease: Methods and Limitations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8157-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Piorecky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, CTU in Prague, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7553-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlastimil","family":"Koudelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Miletinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitka","family":"Buskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2835-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Strobl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, CTU in Prague, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0114-7306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiri","family":"Horacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2483-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Brunovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Jiricek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18207 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16627 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1402-1470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Hlinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18207 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7038-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Tomecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18207 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16627 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7661-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaclava","family":"Piorecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2008.09.001","article-title":"Review of Sleep Disorders","volume":"93","author":"Panossian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. 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