{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:31:22Z","timestamp":1763141482692,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this retrospective study, we investigated vascular abnormalities in sarcoidosis using fluorescein gonioangiography (FGA) to detect angle neovascularization (ANV), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and pathological specimens from the aspects of microangiopathy. In 57 sarcoidosis patients, clinical data was reviewed by dividing the cases into three groups (Group I: histologically diagnosed; Group II: positive bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL); Group III: negative BHL). The FFA, FGA, and pathological examination data in the autopsy eyes and trabeculectomy specimens were investigated. FGA and FFA detected ANV (91%) and nodule-associated abnormalities (87%), respectively. No intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was observed after continuous topical betamethasone, except in the steroid responder group. Maximum IOP had significant correlation with nodules in the angle (p = 0.02696) and visual field defect (p = 0.0151). Granulomas adjacent to blood vessels, including the Schlemm\u2019s canal, and thickening of the retinal blood vessel wall caused occlusion of those vessels. Photocoagulation was required for retinal tears (14%) and the retinal blood vessel occlusion (7%). Suppression of IOP elevation via continuous topical betamethasone may be important to avoid irreversible outflow-route changes and optic-nerve damage, and the concept of microangiopathy in ocular sarcoidosis may be important for understanding the proper treatment of serious complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T20:03:03Z","timestamp":1609185783000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Microangiopathy in Ocular Sarcoidosis Using Fluorescein Gonio and Fundus Angiography from Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Teruhiko","family":"Hamanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo 150-8935, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Akabane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan"},{"name":"Akabane Eye Clinic, Takasaki 370-0801, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of General and Management Studies, Suwa University of Science, Suwa 391-0292, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Ikushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo 150-8935, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Kumasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo 150-8935, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamiko","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, Yokohama 236-0051, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30417-X","article-title":"Prognosticators for visual outcome in sarcoid uveitis","volume":"103","author":"Dana","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2003.00666.x","article-title":"Visual loss in sarcoid-related uveitis","volume":"31","author":"Lobo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. 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