{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T07:08:16Z","timestamp":1793862496646,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HA4348\/2-2, HA4348\/6-2 KFO311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HA4348\/2-2, HA4348\/6-2 KFO311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF ViP+ program 03VP08053; BMBF 01KC2001B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF ViP+ program 03VP08053; BMBF 01KC2001B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While invasive assessment of hemodynamics and testing of acute vasoreactivity in the catheterization laboratory is the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary hypertension (PH) and pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) in children, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) serves as the initial diagnostic tool. International guidelines suggest several key echocardiographic variables and indices for the screening studies when PH is suspected. However, due to the complex anatomy and special physiological considerations, these may not apply to patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Misinterpretation of TTE variables can lead to delayed diagnosis and therapy, with fatal consequences, or\u2013on the other hand-unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures that have relevant risks, especially in the pediatric age group. We herein provide an overview of the echocardiographic workup of children and adolescents with PH with a special focus on children with CHD, such as ventricular\/atrial septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot or univentricular physiology. In addition, we address the use of echocardiography as a tool to assess eligibility for exercise and sports, a major determinant of quality of life and outcome in patients with PH associated with CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T10:10:37Z","timestamp":1609409437000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Echocardiography for the Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension and Congenital Heart Disease in the Young"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Meinel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Koestenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7152-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannes","family":"Sallmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Congenital Heart Disease\/Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB), 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Hansmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido E.","family":"Pieles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London W1T 7HA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801913","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018","article-title":"Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Simonneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801916","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01916-2018","article-title":"Paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension: Updates on definition, classification, diagnostics and management","volume":"53","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2019.06.022","article-title":"2019 updated consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pulmonary hypertension: The European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network (EPPVDN), endorsed by AEPC, ESPR and ISHLT","volume":"38","author":"Hansmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transpl."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"67","article-title":"2015 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"37","author":"Humbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.026591","article-title":"Survival in Childhood Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Early Study on Assessing Disease Severity and Predicting Outcome","volume":"125","author":"Barst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969584","article-title":"Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension in the Netherlands","volume":"124","author":"Roofthooft","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.06.036","article-title":"Hemodynamics of patients developing pulmonary arterial hypertension after shunt closure","volume":"168","author":"Romeo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.03.575","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension in Infants, Children, and Young Adults","volume":"69","author":"Hansmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii42","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308378","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in children with congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD, PPHVD-CHD). Expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of paediatric pulmonary hypertension. The European Paediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, endorsed by ISHLT and DGPK","volume":"102","author":"Hansmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht072","article-title":"Current era survival of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease: A comparison between clinical subgroups","volume":"35","author":"Manes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2006.098848","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adults born with a heart septal defect: The Euro Heart Survey on adult congenital heart disease","volume":"93","author":"Engelfriet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx034","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension in congenital heart disease: Translational opportunities to study the reversibility of pulmonary vascular disease","volume":"38","author":"Bartelds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.04.072","article-title":"Contemporary prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult congenital heart disease following the updated clinical classification","volume":"174","author":"Schuuring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310624","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension in children after neonatal arterial switch operation","volume":"103","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-483","article-title":"Cardiac catheterization in pulmonary hypertension: Doing it right, with a catheter on the left","volume":"10","author":"Hansmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00595-0","article-title":"Estimation of mean right atrial pressure using tissue Doppler imaging","volume":"84","author":"Nageh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I212","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.517789","article-title":"Right atrial and ventricular adaptation to chronic right ventricular pressure overload","volume":"112","author":"Gaynor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.03.090","article-title":"Right atrium contractility and right ventricular diastolic function assessed by pulsed Tissue Doppler Imaging can predict brain natriuretic peptide in adults with acquired pulmonary hypertension","volume":"135","author":"Shiina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.01.984","article-title":"Right atrial volume and reservoir function are novel independent predictors of clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hear. Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jone, P.-N., Sch\u00e4fer, M., Li, L., Craft, M., Ivy, D.D., and Kutty, S. (2017). Right Atrial Deformation in Predicting Outcomes in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 10.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.006250"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.01.038","article-title":"Prognostic factors in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"184","author":"Ploegstra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.05.047","article-title":"Pre-Capillary, Combined, and Post-Capillary Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"68","author":"Opitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.03.061","article-title":"Long-Term Results of the Fontan Operation for Double-Inlet Left Ventricle","volume":"96","author":"Earing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"755","article-title":"Imaging Right-Left Ventricular Interactions","volume":"11","author":"Friedberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009825","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009825","article-title":"Relationship Between Left Ventricular Geometry and Invasive Hemodynamics in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Burkett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.001071","article-title":"Right Ventricular Diastolic Performance in Children with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"7","author":"Okumura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.10.041","article-title":"Interventricular Mechanical Asynchrony in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"51","author":"Marcus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.4.819","article-title":"Pressure and Volume Loading of the Right Ventricle Have Opposite Effects on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction","volume":"92","author":"Louie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201608-1576OC","article-title":"Physical Activity in Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Measured by Accelerometry. A Candidate Clinical Endpoint","volume":"196","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00217911","article-title":"Exercise testing to predict outcome in idiopathicversusassociated pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"40","author":"DeBoeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.2.9906015","article-title":"Clinical Correlates and Prognostic Significance of Six-minute Walk Test in Patients with Primary Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"161","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"16","article-title":"ACCF\/AHA 2009 Expert Consensus Document on Pulmonary Hypertension. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association Developed in Collaboration with the American Collegeo","volume":"119","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115001961","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Abumehdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001573","article-title":"Assessment and Prognostic Relevance of Right Ventricular Contractile Reserve in Patients With Severe Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"128","author":"Gruenig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"191","article-title":"Home Exercise Training in Children and Adolescents with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Pilot Study","volume":"38","author":"Siaplaouras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-272","article-title":"Update on noninvasive imaging of right ventricle dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Truong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii14","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-307200","article-title":"Transthoracic echocardiography for the evaluation of children and adolescents with suspected or confirmed pulmonary hypertension. Expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of paediatric pulmonary hypertension. The European Paediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, endorsed by ISHLT and DGPK","volume":"102","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"002","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9880.S8-002","article-title":"Non-Invasive Imaging for Congenital Heart Disease: Recent Innovations in Transthoracic Echocardiography","volume":"1","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy480","article-title":"Pharmacological therapy in adult congenital heart disease: Growing need, yet limited evidence","volume":"40","author":"Brida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii30","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308246","article-title":"Cardiac MR and CT imaging in children with suspected or confirmed pulmonary hypertension\/pulmonary hypertensive vascular disease. Expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of paediatric pulmonary hypertension. The European Paediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, endorsed by ISHLT and DGPK","volume":"102","author":"Latus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.03.029","article-title":"Selexipag for the treatment of children with pulmonary arterial hypertension: First multicenter experience in drug safety and efficacy","volume":"39","author":"Hansmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hear. Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00065713","article-title":"Registries for paediatric pulmonary hypertension","volume":"42","author":"Hansmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-8932.83456","article-title":"A Consensus Approach to the Classification of Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertensive Vascular Disease: Report from the PVRI Pediatric Taskforce, Panama 2011","volume":"1","author":"Abman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4357-9","article-title":"Ten situations where inferior vena cava ultrasound may fail to accurately predict fluid responsiveness: A physiologically based point of view","volume":"42","author":"Via","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1691OC","article-title":"Accuracy of Doppler Echocardiography in the Hemodynamic Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"179","author":"Fisher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005336","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.005336","article-title":"Normal Reference Values and z Scores of the Pulmonary Artery Acceleration Time in Children and Its Importance for the Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.2201","article-title":"Echocardiographic Screening for Pulmonary Hypertension in Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"72","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90766-6","article-title":"Continuous-wave Doppler in children with ventricular septal defect: Noninvasive estimation of interventricular pressure gradient","volume":"57","author":"Murphy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80320-X","article-title":"Doppler echocardiographic estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure in pediatric patients with interventricular communications","volume":"6","author":"Marx","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2014.00124","article-title":"Echocardiography in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Jone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90116-Q","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of right ventricular and pulmonary artery systolic pressures in patients with ventricular septal defects: Simultaneous study of Doppler and catheterization data","volume":"125","author":"Ge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Hear. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007964","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.118.007964","article-title":"Potts Shunt Improves Right Ventricular Function and Coupling With Pulmonary Circulation in Children With Suprasystemic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.3.484","article-title":"Continuous-wave Doppler echocardiographic detection of pulmonary regurgitation and its application to noninvasive estimation of pulmonary artery pressure","volume":"74","author":"Masuyama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"24","article-title":"Management of Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia","volume":"7","author":"Prieto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Images Paediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimopoulos, K., Diller, G., Opotowsky, A.R., D\u2019Alto, M., Gu, H., Giannakoulas, G., Budts, W., Broberg, C.S., Veldtman, G., and Swan, L. (2018). Definition and Management of Segmental Pulmonary Hypertension. J. Am. Hear. Assoc., 7.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008587"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhari, M., Balmer, C., Heng, J., Wright, J., and St\u00fcmper, O. (2004). Usefulness of Blalock-Taussig shunt Doppler flow velocity profiles in the assessment of pulmonary artery pressure and flow. Eur. J. Echocardiogr., 5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-2167(03)00052-0"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.03.008","article-title":"Pulmonary Artery Acceleration Time Provides an Accurate Estimate of Systolic Pulmonary Arterial Pressure during Transthoracic Echocardiography","volume":"24","author":"Yared","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0601OC","article-title":"Shape of the Right Ventricular Doppler Envelope Predicts Hemodynamics and Right Heart Function in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"183","author":"Arkles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.13361699","article-title":"Proximal pulmonary emboli modify right ventricular ejection pattern","volume":"13","author":"Torbicki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-11-7","article-title":"Use of echocardiographic pulmonary acceleration time and estimated vascular resistance for the evaluation of possible pulmonary hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Granstam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0520-4","article-title":"Assessment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Vascular Resistance by Measurements of the Pulmonary Arterial Flow Velocity Curve in the Absence of a Measurable Tricuspid Regurgitant Velocity in Childhood Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"34","author":"Cevik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2016.08.013","article-title":"Pulmonary Artery Acceleration Time Provides a Reliable Estimate of Invasive Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Children","volume":"29","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-019-01540-w","article-title":"Normal values of the pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) and the right ventricular ejection time (RVET) in children and adolescents and the impact of the PAAT\/RVET-index in the assessment of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"35","author":"Habash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansmann, G., Sallmon, H., Roehr, C.C., Kourembanas, S., Austin, E.D., and Koestenberger, M. (2020). Pulmonary hypertension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr. Res.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0993-4"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14430","article-title":"Relationship between pulmonary artery acceleration time and pulmonary artery pressures in infants","volume":"36","author":"Gaulton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2019.03.015","article-title":"Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Afterload in Preterm Infants: Maturational Patterns of Pulmonary Artery Acceleration Time Over the First Year of Age and Implications for Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-015-1131-7","article-title":"Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Velocity Time Integral Determination in 570 Healthy Children and in 52 Pediatric Atrial Septal Defect Patients","volume":"36","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.06.003","article-title":"Noninvasive Assessment of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance by Doppler Echocardiography","volume":"26","author":"Abbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2004.01.010","article-title":"The relation between quantitative right ventricular ejection fraction and indices of tricuspid annular motion and myocardial performance","volume":"17","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.03.111","article-title":"Right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (RVOT VTI) and tricuspid regurgitation velocity\/RVOT VTI ratio in pediatric pulmonary hypertension","volume":"212","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-011-0035-4","article-title":"Accuracy of Doppler-Derived Estimation of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Congenital Heart Disease: An Index of Operability","volume":"32","author":"Ajami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.10.004","article-title":"Extension of Doppler-Derived Echocardiographic Measures of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance to Patients with Moderate or Severe Pulmonary Vascular Disease","volume":"21","author":"Vlahos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.132475","article-title":"Non-invasive estimation of pulmonary vascular resistance in patients of pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease with unobstructed pulmonary flow","volume":"7","author":"Pande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.05.019","article-title":"Right ventricular systolic to diastolic duration ratio: A novel predictor of outcome in adult idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"293","author":"McCabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2006.05.024","article-title":"The Systolic to Diastolic Duration Ratio in Children with Heart Failure Secondary to Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","volume":"19","author":"Friedberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2009.05.004","article-title":"Doppler Assessment of the Ratio of the Systolic to Diastolic Duration in Normal Children: Relation to Heart Rate, Age and Body Surface Area","volume":"22","author":"Sarnari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.03.048","article-title":"Usefulness of the Right Ventricular Systolic to Diastolic Duration Ratio to Predict Functional Capacity and Survival in Children With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"106","author":"Alkon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.03.006","article-title":"Echocardiographic Predictors of Mortality in Adults With a Fontan Circulation","volume":"10","author":"Cordina","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.02.045","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between ventricular end-diastolic pressure and echocardiographic measures of diastolic function in adults with a Fontan circulation","volume":"259","author":"Cordina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/753481","article-title":"Transthoracic Echocardiography in Children and Young Adults with Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"2012","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grangl, G., Pansy, J., Burmas, A., and Koestenberger, M. (2015). Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion is reduced in infants with pulmonary hypertension: Value of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) to determine right ventricular function in various conditions of pediatric pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography.","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12898"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezt003","article-title":"Disparity in right vs left ventricular recovery during follow-up after ventricular septal defect correction in children","volume":"44","author":"Klitsie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio Thoracic Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2009.03.026","article-title":"Right Ventricular Function in Infants, Children and Adolescents: Reference Values of the Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) in 640 Healthy Patients and Calculation of z Score Values","volume":"22","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-010-0213-z","article-title":"Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and right ventricular ejection fraction in pediatric and adolescent patients with tetralogy of Fallot, patients with atrial septal defect, and age-matched normal subjects","volume":"100","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0803.2012.00655.x","article-title":"Systolic Right Ventricular Function in Children and Young Adults with Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Secondary to Congenital Heart Disease and Tetralogy of Fallot: Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data","volume":"7","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Congenit. Hear. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.08.012","article-title":"Unloading of right ventricle by bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis in hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients promotes remodeling of systemic right ventricle but does not improve tricuspid regurgitation","volume":"144","author":"Horer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1373","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00157.2013","article-title":"Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure relationship in heart failure: An index of right ventricular contractile function and prognosis","volume":"305","author":"Guazzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.07.013","article-title":"Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in pediatric pulmonary hypertension: Integrating right ventricular ejection efficiency (RVEe) into advanced multi-parametric imaging","volume":"274","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12419","article-title":"Right Ventricular Ejection Efficiency: A New Echocardiographic Measure of Mechanical Performance in Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009047","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009047","article-title":"Validation of the Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion\/Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure Ratio for the Assessment of Right Ventricular-Arterial Coupling in Severe Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Tello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-019-0909-8","article-title":"Etiology of right ventricular restrictive physiology early after repair of tetralogy of Fallot in pediatric patients","volume":"14","author":"Sandeep","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2019.01.019","article-title":"Normal Pediatric Values of the Subcostal Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (S-TAPSE) and Its Value in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"35","author":"Avian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13400","article-title":"A novel semiquantitative assessment of right ventricular systolic function with a modified subcostal echocardiographic view","volume":"34","author":"Alvarez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.12.012","article-title":"Validation Study on the Accuracy of Echocardiographic Measurements of Right Ventricular Systolic Function in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.09.133","article-title":"Right atrial volume and phasic function in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"168","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.04.125","article-title":"Active right atrial emptying fraction predicts reduced survival and increased adverse events in childhood pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"271","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-479","article-title":"Mechanics of right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"10","author":"Bernardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jeq011","article-title":"New echocardiographic prognostic factors for mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Brierre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.02.027","article-title":"Prognostic significance of 2-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echo indices of right ventricular function in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"165","author":"Kassem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Hear. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-547OC","article-title":"Tricuspid Annular Displacement Predicts Survival in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"174","author":"Forfia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.01.024","article-title":"Right Ventricular Function in Preterm and Term Neonates: Reference Values for Right Ventricle Areas and Fractional Area of Change","volume":"28","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-12-3","article-title":"Reference intervals for the echocardiographic measurements of the right heart in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Engel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.120758","article-title":"Technological advances in tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography","volume":"94","author":"Bax","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1086\/685051","article-title":"Transthoracic Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension and Ventricular Dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2003.12.005","article-title":"Impact of cardiac growth on doppler tissue imaging velocities: A study in healthy children","volume":"17","author":"Eidem","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12179","article-title":"Tissue Doppler Myocardial Velocity Imaging in Infants and Children-a Window into Developmental Changes of Myocardial Mechanics","volume":"30","author":"Pauliks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.02.004","article-title":"Noninvasive Assessment of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Using Doppler Tissue Imaging of the Tricuspid Annulus","volume":"20","author":"Gurudevan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2006.00305.x","article-title":"Tricuspid Annular Systolic Velocity: A Useful Measurement in Determining Right Ventricular Systolic Function Regardless of Pulmonary Artery Pressures","volume":"23","author":"Saxena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.04.089","article-title":"Assessment of right ventricular systolic function: Comparison between cardiac magnetic resonance derived ejection fraction and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging of the tricuspid annulus","volume":"151","author":"Wahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.06.004","article-title":"Tricuspid Annular Peak Systolic Velocity (S\u2032) in Children and Young Adults with Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Secondary to Congenital Heart Diseases, and in Those with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: Echocardiography and MRI Data","volume":"25","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2006.02.001","article-title":"Ultrasonic Strain Rate and Strain Imaging of the Right Ventricle in Children Before and After Percutaneous Closure of an Atrial Septal Defect","volume":"19","author":"Eyskens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.08.058","article-title":"Myocardial Tissue Doppler-Based Indexes to Distinguish Right Ventricular Volume Overload from Right Ventricular Pressure Overload","volume":"101","author":"Hsiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12030","article-title":"Doppler Tissue Imaging Provides an Estimate of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Children with Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Congenital Intracardiac Shunts","volume":"8","author":"Cevik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Congenit. Hear. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2002.116535","article-title":"Can strain rate and strain quantify changes in regional systolic function during dobutamine infusion, B-blockade, and atrial pacing\u2014implications for quantitative stress echocardiography","volume":"15","author":"Weidemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H792","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00025.2002","article-title":"Myocardial function defined by strain rate and strain during alterations in inotropic states and heart rate","volume":"283","author":"Weidemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panesar, D.K., and Burch, M. (2017). Assessment of Diastolic Function in Congenital Heart Disease. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2017.00005"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.03.003","article-title":"Maturational Patterns of Systolic Ventricular Deformation Mechanics by Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Preterm Infants over the First Year of Age","volume":"30","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.01.015","article-title":"Normal Ranges of Right Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Strain Measures in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-012-0114-5","article-title":"Right ventricular regional and global systolic function is diminished in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: A 2-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking echocardiography study","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"1342","article-title":"Regional right ventricular remodeling and function in children with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension vs those with pulmonary valve stenosis: Insights into mechanics of right ventricular dysfunction","volume":"100","author":"Driessen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex205","article-title":"3D echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular function and strain: A prognostic study in paediatric pulmonary hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Jone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.000640","article-title":"Outcome Prediction by Quantitative Right Ventricular Function Assessment in 575 Subjects Evaluated for Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Fine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000172","article-title":"Impaired right and left ventricular mechanics in adults with pulmonary hypertension and congenital shunts","volume":"17","author":"Toro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951104003038","article-title":"Regional right and left ventricular function after the Senning operation: An ultrasonic study of strain rate and strain","volume":"14","author":"Eyskens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jep209","article-title":"The influence of pulmonary regurgitation on regional right ventricular function in children after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot","volume":"11","author":"Eyskens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12131","article-title":"Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"30","author":"Forsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001375","article-title":"Right Versus Left Ventricular Failure","volume":"129","author":"Friedberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001584","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001584","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Echocardiography and 2D-3D Speckle-Tracking Imaging in Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension: Diagnostic Accuracy in Detecting Hemodynamic Signs of Right Ventricular (RV) Failure","volume":"4","author":"Vitarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-5-343","article-title":"Survival in Patients with Primary Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"115","author":"Barst","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000215585","article-title":"Assessment of Right Ventricular Function Using Tissue Doppler Imaging in Infants with Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"96","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.050","article-title":"Tissue Doppler Imaging Predicts Adverse Outcome in Children with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"161","author":"Takatsuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2016.01.011","article-title":"Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"29","author":"Nagueh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"e003521","article-title":"Right Atrial Function in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Roca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.08.047","article-title":"Right atrial function and prognosis in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"248","author":"Scognamiglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.06.024","article-title":"Atrial flutter and fibrillation in patients with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"167","author":"Olsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.928481","article-title":"Arrhythmia Burden in Adults With Surgically Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot","volume":"122","author":"Khairy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-477","article-title":"Left ventricular dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction\u2014molecular mechanisms and impact on right ventricular function","volume":"10","author":"Heinzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koestenberger, M., Sallmon, H., Avian, A., Cantinotti, M., Gamillscheg, A., Kurath-Koller, S., Schweintzger, S., and Hansmann, G. (2019). Ventricular-ventricular interaction variables correlate with surrogate variables of clinical outcome in children with pulmonary hypertension. Pulm. Circ., 9.","DOI":"10.1177\/2045894019854074"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.10.014","article-title":"Right Ventricular to Left Ventricular Diameter Ratio at End-Systole in Evaluating Outcomes in Children with Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"27","author":"Jone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"1672","article-title":"Prognostic value of echocardiographic right\/left ventricular end-diastolic diameter ratio in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"124","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Med J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003596","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.115.003596","article-title":"Impaired Right, Left, or Biventricular Function and Resting Oxygen Saturation Are Associated With Mortality in Eisenmenger Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.11.051","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"140","author":"Ghio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkett, D.A., Slorach, C., Patel, S.S., Redington, A.N., Ivy, D.D., Mertens, L., Younoszai, A.K., and Friedberg, M.K. (2016). Impact of Pulmonary Hemodynamics and Ventricular Interdependence on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Children with Pulmonary Hypertension. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 9.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.004612"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005527","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.005527","article-title":"Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Hansmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.06.043","article-title":"Impact of Right Ventricular Dilation on Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation in Patients After Surgical Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot","volume":"104","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-009-9458-x","article-title":"Left ventricular torsional deformation in patients undergoing transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkett, D.A., Slorach, C., Patel, S.S., Redington, A.N., Ivy, D.D., Mertens, L., Younoszai, A.K., and Friedberg, M.K. (2015). Left Ventricular Myocardial Function in Children with Pulmonary Hypertension: Relation to Right Ventricular Performance and Hemodynamics. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 8.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.115.003260"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010787","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.120.010787","article-title":"Left Ventricular Geometry and Near-Simultaneous Invasive Hemodynamics in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.01.028","article-title":"Abnormal Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"49","author":"Gurudevan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.4.897","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Impaired Right and Left Ventricular Function in Chronic Embolic Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"118","author":"Menzel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.844340","article-title":"Ventricular Geometry, Strain, and Rotational Mechanics in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"121","author":"Puwanant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14176","article-title":"Reference intervals and percentile curve for left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), velocity time integral (VTI), and LVOT-VTI-derived hemodynamic parameters in healthy children and adolescents: Analysis of echocardiographic methods association and agreem","volume":"35","author":"Bia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.2036","article-title":"Mitral flow derived Doppler indices of left ventricular diastolic function in a general population. The Troms\u00f8 study","volume":"21","author":"Schirmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00344-6","article-title":"Doppler Tissue Imaging: A Noninvasive Technique for Evaluation of Left Ventricular Relaxation and Estimation of Filling Pressures","volume":"30","author":"Nagueh","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00379-9","article-title":"Left ventricular diastolic function in infants, children, and adolescents. Reference values and analysis of morphologic and physiologic determinants of echocardiographic Doppler flow signals during growth and maturation","volume":"32","author":"Schmitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.10.004","article-title":"Nomograms for mitral inflow Doppler and tissue Doppler velocities in Caucasian children","volume":"68","author":"Cantinotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2000.108131","article-title":"Left ventricular wall motion velocities in healthy children measured by pulsed wave Doppler tissue echocardiography: Normal values and relation to age and heart rate","volume":"13","author":"Mori","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.12.016","article-title":"Functional Maturation of Left and Right Atrial Systolic and Diastolic Performance in Infants, Children, and Adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Kutty","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.07.015","article-title":"Left Atrial Volume in Children Without Heart Disease and in Those With Ventricular Septal Defect or Patent Ductus Arteriosus or Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"106","author":"Taggart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2019.03.003","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Review: Echocardiography in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Cordina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.5.2225","article-title":"Contribution of left ventricular diastolic function to exercise capacity in normal subjects","volume":"74","author":"Vanoverschelde","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.01.062","article-title":"Effect of Transcatheter Atrial Septal Defect Closure in Children on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function","volume":"95","author":"Giardini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.02.020","article-title":"Differences in Tissue Doppler Imaging Between Single Ventricles After the Fontan Operation and Normal Controls","volume":"106","author":"Zaidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-017-1660-3","article-title":"Pulmonary Vein Doppler Patterns in Infants with Single Right Ventricle Anomalies After Initial Staged Palliations","volume":"38","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.11.017","article-title":"Nomograms for Blood Flow and Tissue Doppler Velocities to Evaluate Diastolic Function in Children: A Critical Review","volume":"26","author":"Cantinotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomkiewicz-Paj\u0105k, L., Podolec, P., Drabik, L., Paj\u0105k, J., Kolcz, J., and Plazak, W. (2014). Single ventricle function and exercise tolerance in adult patients after Fontan operation. Acta Cardiol., 69.","DOI":"10.1080\/AC.69.2.3017296"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"159","article-title":"Prognosis in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension: 10-year single-centre experience","volume":"74","author":"Migdal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kardiol. Polska"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.07.007","article-title":"Specific Left Ventricular Twist-Untwist Mechanics during Exercise in Children","volume":"26","author":"Maufrais","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2067","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00627.2015","article-title":"The relationship between biventricular myocardial performance and metabolic parameters during incremental exercise and recovery in healthy adolescents","volume":"309","author":"Pieles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2016.02.015","article-title":"Systolic and Diastolic Myocardial Response to Exercise in a Healthy Pediatric Cohort","volume":"29","author":"Cifra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieles, G.E., Gowing, L., Ryding, D., Perry, D., McNally, S.R., Stuart, A.G., and Williams, C.A. (2020). Characterisation of LV myocardial exercise function by 2-D strain deformation imaging in elite adolescent footballers. Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04510-6"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.063","article-title":"Isovolumic Acceleration at Rest and During Exercise in Children","volume":"57","author":"Roche","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.008","article-title":"Exercise Echocardiography Demonstrates Biventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Reveals Decreased Left Ventricular Contractile Reserve in Children After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair","volume":"28","author":"Roche","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e3283437485","article-title":"The concept of ventricular reserve in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension: An old metric that brings us one step closer in our quest for prediction","volume":"26","author":"Haddad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0071","article-title":"Exercise Stress Echocardiography of the Pulmonary Circulation","volume":"142","author":"Argiento","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201412-2271OC","article-title":"The Effects of Exercise on Right Ventricular Contractility and Right Ventricular\u2013Arterial Coupling in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"191","author":"Spruijt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.06.032","article-title":"Dobutamine stress echocardiography in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"270","author":"Ghio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/1\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:17Z","timestamp":1760179697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/1\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11010049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11010049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}}}