{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T01:19:42Z","timestamp":1775783982221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibromyalgia (FM) is a highly prevalent syndrome that impairs the quality of life of the patients; however, its diagnosis is complex and mainly centered on pain symptoms. The study of salivary biomarkers has proven highly useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of numerous diseases. The objective of this review was to gather published data on the utilization of salivary biomarkers to facilitate and complement the diagnosis of FM. Salivary biomarkers used in FM diagnosis include cortisol; calgranulin; and the enzymes \u03b1-amylase, transaldolase, and phosphoglycerate mutase. Increased serum levels of C-reactive protein, cytokines interleukin 1-\u03b2, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 10, interleukin 17, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, and various chemokines may serve as salivary biomarkers, given observations of their increased serum levels in patients with FM. Further research is warranted to study in depth the role and performance of biomarkers currently used in FM diagnosis\/prognosis and to identify novel salivary biomarkers for this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T19:54:46Z","timestamp":1609703686000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Application of Salivary Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9795-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Illescas-Montes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor J.","family":"Costela-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Melguizo-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4381-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"De Luna-Bertos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4332-6812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6631-7866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Ramos-Torrecillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33338","article-title":"Large Candidate Gene Association Study Reveals Genetic Risk Factors and Therapeutic Targets for Fibromyalgia","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8509-4","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: A Critical and Comprehensive Review","volume":"49","author":"Borchers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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