{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T13:44:12Z","timestamp":1775051052355,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital Research Fund","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"FICAN South","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medical imaging often presents objects in three-dimensional (3D) form to provide better visual understanding. In contrast, histopathology is typically presented as two-dimensional (2D). Our objective was to present the tumor dimensions in 3D by creating a 3D digital model of it and so demonstrate the location of the tumor and the histological slices within the surgical soft tissue resection specimen. We developed a novel method for modeling a tongue squamous cell carcinoma using commonly available instruments. We established our 3D-modeling method by recognizing and solving challenges that concern the selection of the direction of histological slices. Additional steps to standard handling included scanning the specimen prior to grossing and modeling the carcinoma, which required only a table scanner and modeling software. We present challenges and their solutions in modeling the resection specimen and its histological slices. We introduce a finished 3D model of a soft tissue resection specimen and the actual tumor as well as its histopathological grossing sites in 3D digital and printed form. Our novel method provides steps to create a digital model of soft tissue resection specimen and the tumor within. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to present histopathological margins of a tongue tumor in 3D form, whereas previously, only 2D has been available. The creation of the 3D model does not call for predetermined grossing directions for the pathologist. In addition, it provides a crucial initiative to enhance oncological management. The method allows a better visual understanding of tumor margins, topography, and orientation. It thus provides a tool for an improved postoperative assessment and aids, for example, in the discussion of the need for additional surgery and adjuvant therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T14:28:53Z","timestamp":1610461733000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Three-Dimensional Presentation of Tumor Histopathology: A Model Using Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-2225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Koivuholma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21 Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8103-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katri","family":"Aro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"M\u00e4kitie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, Otakaari 4, 02150 Espoo, Finland"},{"name":"Division of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 171 64 Solna, Sweden"},{"name":"Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7295-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"Salmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, Otakaari 4, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuomas","family":"Mirtti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21 Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6079-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaana","family":"Hagstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21 Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6560-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Atula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2864816","article-title":"Interactive Visualization of 3D Histopathology in Native Resolution","volume":"25","author":"Falk","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.01.033","article-title":"Toward Routine Use of 3D Histopathology as a Research Tool","volume":"180","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2017.09.022","article-title":"3D modelling of radical prostatectomy specimens: Developing a method to quantify tumor morphometry for prostate cancer risk prediction","volume":"213","author":"Hovens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathol Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.pcan.4500577","article-title":"Investigating the distribution of prostate cancer using three-dimensional computer simulation","volume":"5","author":"Opell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-019-0803-7","article-title":"Three-dimensional histopathological reconstruction of bladder tumours","volume":"14","author":"Jansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4923161","article-title":"Framework for 3D histologic reconstruction and fusion with in vivo MRI: Preliminary results of characterizing pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model","volume":"42","author":"Rusu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. 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