{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:39Z","timestamp":1787027919476,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Involuntary tremor at rest is observed in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) or essential tremor (ET). Electromyography (EMG) studies have shown that phase displacement between antagonistic muscles at prevalent tremor frequency can accurately differentiate resting tremor in PD from that detected in ET. Currently, phase evaluation is qualitative in most cases. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a new mobile tool for the automated and quantitative characterization of phase displacement (resting tremor pattern) in ambulatory clinical settings. A new low-cost, wearable mobile device, called \u00b5EMG, is described, based on low-end instrumentation amplifiers and simple digital signal processing (DSP) capabilities. Measurements of resting tremor characteristics from this new device were compared with standard EMG. A good level of agreement was found in a sample of 21 subjects (14 PD patients with alternating resting tremor pattern and 7 ET patients with synchronous resting tremor pattern). Our results demonstrate that tremor analysis using \u00b5EMG is easy to perform and it can be used in routine clinical practice for the automated quantification of resting tremor patterns. Moreover, the measurement process is handy and operator-independent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T11:34:33Z","timestamp":1611920073000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Development and Validation of a New Wearable Mobile Device for the Automated Detection of Resting Tremor in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Essential Tremor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basilio","family":"Vescio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotecnomed S.C.aR.L., 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Nistic\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Augimeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotecnomed S.C.aR.L., 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Cras\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Unit, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-017-0086-4","article-title":"Rest tremor revisited: Parkinson\u2019s disease and other disorders","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121","article-title":"Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society","volume":"33","author":"Bhatia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghassemi, N.H., Marxreiter, F., Pasluosta, C.F., Kugler, P., Schlachetzki, J., Schramm, A., Eskofier, B.M., and Klucken, J. (2016, January 16\u201320). Combined accelerometer and EMG analysis to differentiate essential tremor from Parkinson\u2019s disease. Proceedings of the 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7590791"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.10.006","article-title":"Synchronous pattern distinguishes resting tremor associated with essential tremor from rest tremor of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Nistico","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0712-2","article-title":"Long-term EMG recordings differentiate between parkinsonian and essential tremor","volume":"255","author":"Breit","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez Manzanera, O., Elting, J.W., Van der Hoeven, J.H., and Maurits, N.M. (2016). Tremor Detection Using Parametric and Non-Parametric Spectral Estimation Methods: A Comparison with Clinical Assessment. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156822"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0217-7","article-title":"Development of digital biomarkers for resting tremor and bradykinesia using a wrist-worn wearable device","volume":"3","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2010.02.005","article-title":"Discrimination of Parkinsonian tremor from essential tremor by implementation of a wavelet-based soft-decision technique on EMG and accelerometer signals","volume":"5","author":"Hossen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal. Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.12.007","article-title":"EMG signal morphology and kinematic parameters in essential tremor and Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"24","author":"Ruonala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"LeMoyne, R., Mastroianni, T., Cozza, M., Coroian, C., and Grundfest, W. (September, January 31). Implementation of an iPhone for characterizing Parkinson\u2019s disease tremor through a wireless accelerometer application. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeMoyne, R., Tomycz, N., Mastroianni, T., McCandless, C., Cozza, M., and Peduto, D. (2015, January 25\u201329). Implementation of a smartphone wireless accelerometer platform for establishing deep brain stimulation treatment efficacy of essential tremor with machine learning. Proceedings of the 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319948"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-160936","article-title":"Tremor Frequency Assessment by iPhone\u00ae Applications: Correlation with EMG Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Almendra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12547","article-title":"Smartphone Apps Provide a Simple, Accurate Bedside Screening Tool for Orthostatic Tremor","volume":"4","author":"Bhatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00048","article-title":"A Smart Device System to Identify New Phenotypical Characteristics in Movement Disorders","volume":"10","author":"Varghese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.11.004","article-title":"Towards remote monitoring of Parkinson\u2019s disease tremor using wearable motion capture systems","volume":"384","author":"Delrobaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hssayeni, M.D., Jimenez-Shahed, J., Burack, M.A., and Ghoraani, B. (2019). Wearable Sensors for Estimation of Parkinsonian Tremor Severity during Free Body Movements. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194215"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.04.011","article-title":"Smartwatch for the analysis of rest tremor in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"401","author":"Velasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3414-2","article-title":"A novel device for continuous monitoring of tremor and other motor symptoms","volume":"39","author":"Battista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17897","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017897","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of Parkinsonian tremor by using biosensor device","volume":"98","author":"Marino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2020, September 14). Myoware Muscle Sensor, SEN-13723. Available online: https:\/\/www.sparkfun.com\/products\/13723."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/2\/200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:17:24Z","timestamp":1760159844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/2\/200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11020200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11020200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}}}