{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:19:48Z","timestamp":1792264788484,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duplication and accessory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) constitute a rare congenital variation. MCA anomalies are found at a lesser frequency than the vascular anomalies of the other major intracranial arteries. Duplicated\/accessory MCA was usually noted incidentally with subarachnoid hemorrhage, due to resulted aneurysmal formation. However, duplicated\/accessory MCA-related cerebral infarction is rarer. We report two cases of cerebral infarction due to dissection at the entry of the duplicate\/accessory MCA. Both cases were similar in dissected site and clinical course, without headache or injury. In 20 previously reported cases and our two cases of duplicated\/accessory MCA-related infarction, mean age (55.8 \u00b1 21.2 years) was slightly younger for cerebral infarction, and stroke etiology was mainly embolism. The main etiologies of stroke were embolism and dissection. Considering embolism etiology, proximal site of arterial diameter changing lesion was a common site for embolism, as duplicated\/accessory MCA was usually smaller than normal M1 segment. In cerebral dissection cases, the dissected site was similar to our cases. Numerous mechanisms of dissection were considered, but they mainly included dysfunction of the media and endothelium or shearing stress at the entry of duplication. As the detailed mechanisms of cerebral dissection remain unknown, clinicians should include a differential diagnosis for MCA dissection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1611996961000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis for Stroke Etiology in Duplicated\/Accessory MCA-Related Cerebral Infarction: Two Case Report and Brief Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kou","family":"Tsuyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3037-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobukazu","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6936-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsuhiko","family":"Shindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Hira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8617-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6325-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Yatomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2034-2556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobutaka","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2017-0043","article-title":"Anomalies of the Middle Cerebral Artery","volume":"57","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. 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