{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:53:40Z","timestamp":1792007620141,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most frequent community-acquired and healthcare-associated bacterial infections. UTIs are heterogeneous and range from rather benign, uncomplicated infections to complicated UTIs (cUTIs), pyelonephritis and severe urosepsis, depending mostly on the host response. Ultrasound and computed tomography represent the imaging processes of choice in the diagnosis and staging of the pathology in emergency settings. The aim of this study is to describe the common ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) features of pyonephrosis. US can make the diagnosis, demonstrating echogenic debris, fluid\/fluid levels, and air in the collecting system. Although the diagnosis appears to be easily made with US, CT is necessary in non-diagnostic US examinations to confirm the diagnosis, to demonstrate the cause and moreover to stage the pathology, defining extrarenal complications. In emergency settings, US and CT are differently used in the diagnosis and staging of pyonephrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T21:35:42Z","timestamp":1613597742000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pyonephrosis Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Features: A Pictorial Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Tamburrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Lugar\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Iannuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Cesaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiore","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Del Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Toto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Iulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Marrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Faella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3946-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Liguori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Marano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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