{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:02:28Z","timestamp":1774119748915,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) represents a common diagnostic challenge, as it might be related to both benign and malignant conditions. Endometrial cancer may not be detected with blind uterine cavity sampling by dilatation and curettage or suction devices. Several scoring systems using different ultrasound image characteristics were recently proposed to estimate the risk of endometrial cancer (EC) in women with AUB. Aim: The aim of the present study was to externally validate the predictive value of the recently proposed scoring systems including the Risk of Endometrial Cancer scoring model (REC) for EC risk stratification. Material and methods: It was a retrospective cohort study of women with postmenopausal bleeding. From June 2012 to June 2020 we studied a group of 394 women who underwent standard transvaginal ultrasound examination followed by power Doppler intrauterine vascularity assessment. Selected ultrasound features of endometrial lesions were assessed in each patient. Results: The median age was 60.3 years (range \u00b1 10.7). The median body mass index (BMI) was 30.4 (range \u00b1 6.0). Histological examination revealed 158 cases of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) and 236 cases of EC. Of the studied ultrasound endometrial features, the highest areas under the curve (AUCs) were found for endometrial thickness (ET) (AUC = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.71\u20130.81) and for interrupted endomyometrial junction (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.65\u20130.75). Selected scoring systems presented moderate to good predictive performance in differentiating EC and EH. The highest AUC was found for REC model (AUC = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.70\u20130.79) and for the basic model that included ET, Doppler score and interrupted endometrial junction (AUC = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.73\u20130.82). REC model was more accurate than other scoring systems and selected single features for differentiating benign hyperplasia from EC at early stages, regardless of menopausal status. Conclusions: New scoring systems, including the REC model may be used in women with AUB for more efficient differentiation between benign and malignant conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T21:58:07Z","timestamp":1614895087000},"page":"442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Risk Assessment of Endometrial Hyperplasia or Endometrial Cancer with Simplified Ultrasound-Based Scoring Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8876-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Stachowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Smole\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ciebiera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"\u0141ozi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pro-Familia Hospital, 35-001 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Poziemski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mi\u0144sk Mazowiecki County Hospital, 05-300 Mi\u0144sk Mazowiecki, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7645-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Borowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Gynecology and Neonatology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Czekierdowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14431","article-title":"Research and clinical management for women with abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: More than PALM-COEIN","volume":"124","author":"Munro","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.11.011","article-title":"FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age","volume":"113","author":"Munro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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