{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:37Z","timestamp":1787027917130,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), Univesrity of Milan","award":["Piano di sviluppo alla ricerca 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Piano di sviluppo alla ricerca 2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is the most frequent primary glomerular disease in children, displaying high grade proteinuria and oedema. The mainstay of therapy are steroids, and patients are usually classified according to the treatment response (sensitive vs. resistant). The mechanisms involved in INS pathogenesis and treatment responsiveness have not yet been identified. In this context, the analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles (UEv) is interesting, since they represent a molecular snapshot of the parental cells, offering a \u201cfingerprint\u201d for monitoring their status. Therefore, the aim of this study is to verify the feasibility of using UEv of INS patients as indicators of therapy response and its prediction. UEv were isolated from the urine of pediatric patients in remission after therapy; they showed characteristic electrophoresis profiles that matched specific patient subgroups. We then built a statistical model to interpret objectively each patient UEv protein profile: in particular, steroid-resistant patients cluster together with a very distinct pattern from other INS patients and controls. In conclusion, the evaluation of the UEv protein profile looks promising in the investigation of INS, showing a disease signature that might predict clinical evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T20:20:43Z","timestamp":1615148443000},"page":"456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Urinary Extracellular Vesicle Protein Profiles Discriminate Different Clinical Subgroups of Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Santorelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomic Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Morello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Barigazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomic Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8178-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Capitoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Tamburello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Healthcare Professional Department Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Ghio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Crapella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Healthcare Professional Department Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1504-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Galimberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7350-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Montini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Giuliana and Bernardo Caprotti, Chairs of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Pitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomic Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Raimondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomic Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30536-1","article-title":"Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in 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