{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:08:48Z","timestamp":1769558928540,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autophagy is a degradative process occurring in eukaryotic cells to maintain homeostasis and cell survival. After stressful conditions including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia or drugs administration, autophagy is induced to counteract pathways that could lead to cell death. In cancer, autophagy plays a paradoxical role, acting both as tumour suppressor\u2014by cleaning cells from damaged organelles and inhibiting inflammation or, alternatively, by promoting genomic stability and tumour adaptive response\u2014or as a pro-survival mechanism to protect cells from stresses such as chemotherapy. Neural-derived paediatric solid tumours represent a variety of childhood cancers with unique anatomical location, cellular origins, and clinical presentation. These tumours are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children and new molecular diagnostics and therapies are necessary for longer survival and reduced morbidity. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how autophagy modulation exhibits antitumor properties in experimental models of paediatric brain tumours, i.e., medulloblastoma (MB), ependymoma (EPN), paediatric low-grade and high-grade gliomas (LGGs, HGGs), atypical teratoid\/rhabdoid tumours (ATRTs), and retinoblastoma (RB). We also discuss clinical perspectives to consider how targeting autophagy may be relevant in these specific paediatric tumours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T06:22:32Z","timestamp":1615270952000},"page":"481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Autophagy in Paediatric Brain Tumours"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2082-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Gatto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2391-342X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Milletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rome \u2018Tor Vergata\u2019, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5203-7855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Carai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4408-2373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Mastronuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3039-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Nazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.026","article-title":"Autophagy: Renovation of Cells and Tissues","volume":"147","author":"Mizushima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0003-4","article-title":"Mechanism and medical implications of mammalian autophagy","volume":"19","author":"Dikic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1378838","article-title":"Autophagy pathway: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.048","article-title":"Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective","volume":"176","author":"Levine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.08.029","article-title":"Autophagy: The spotlight for cellular stress responses","volume":"188","author":"Ravanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2022774","article-title":"Autophagy in Human Diseases","volume":"383","author":"Mizushima","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5386","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R117.810366","article-title":"A molecular perspective of mammalian autophagosome biogenesis","volume":"293","author":"Mercer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0241-0","article-title":"Mechanisms governing autophagosome biogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Nakatogawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100818-125300","article-title":"Diverse Cellular Roles of Autophagy","volume":"35","author":"Morishita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dossou, A.S., and Basu, A. (2019). The Emerging Roles of mTORC1 in Macromanaging Autophagy. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101422"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12420","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12420","article-title":"Autophagy initiation by ULK complex assembly on ER tubulovesicular regions marked by ATG9 vesicles","volume":"7","author":"Karanasios","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13540","article-title":"p62\/SQSTM1 functions as a signaling hub and an autophagy adaptor","volume":"282","author":"Katsuragi","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2019.12.001","article-title":"The ATG conjugation systems in autophagy","volume":"63","author":"Mizushima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2016.02.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of Selective Autophagy","volume":"428","author":"Zaffagnini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leyva-Paredes, K., Castrej\u00f3n-Jim\u00e9nez, N.S., Arrieta-Oliva, H.I., Baltierra-Uribe, S.L., and Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, B.E. (2016). Choosing Lunch: The Role of Selective Autophagy Adaptor Proteins. Autophagy Curr. Trends Cell. Physiol. Pathol.","DOI":"10.5772\/63977"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.05.010","article-title":"History of the Selective Autophagy Research: How Did It Begin and Where Does It Stand Today?","volume":"432","author":"Kirkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.16","article-title":"Role of BNIP3 and NIX in cell death, autophagy, and mitophagy","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2009.01.020","article-title":"A Role for NBR1 in Autophagosomal Degradation of Ubiquitinated Substrates","volume":"33","author":"Kirkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, X., Chang, C., Yokom, A.L., E Jensen, L., and Hurley, J.H. (2020). The autophagy adaptor NDP52 and the FIP200 coiled-coil allosterically activate ULK1 complex membrane recruitment. eLife, 9.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59099"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170056","article-title":"Exploiting cancer vulnerabilities: mTOR, autophagy, and homeostatic imbalance","volume":"61","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paquette, M., El-Houjeiri, L., and Pause, A. (2018). mTOR Pathways in Cancer and Autophagy. Cancers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10010018"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.53","article-title":"Targeting autophagy in cancer","volume":"17","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0292","article-title":"Targeting Autophagy in Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions","volume":"9","author":"Amaravadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578418","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.578418","article-title":"The Double-Edge Sword of Autophagy in Cancer: From Tumor Suppression to Pro-tumor Activity","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73941","article-title":"The role for autophagy in cancer","volume":"125","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0042-2","article-title":"The autophagic network and cancer","volume":"20","author":"Rybstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108892","article-title":"Autophagy dysfunctions associated with cancer cells and their therapeutic implications","volume":"115","author":"Udristioiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0387","article-title":"Role of Autophagy in Cancer Prevention","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.12.016","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human carcinogenesis","volume":"711","author":"Kryston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20039","article-title":"Promotion of tumorigenesis by heterozygous disruption of the beclin 1 autophagy gene","volume":"112","author":"Qu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.2016211","article-title":"Autophagy-deficient mice develop multiple liver tumors","volume":"25","author":"Takamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.606436","article-title":"Emerging Autophagy Functions Shape the Tumor Microenvironment and Play a Role in Cancer Progression-Implications for Cancer Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Bustos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2019.04.011","article-title":"Autophagy as a molecular target for cancer treatment","volume":"134","author":"Kocaturk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0952","article-title":"Autophagy Sustains Pancreatic Cancer Growth through Both Cell-Autonomous and Nonautonomous Mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4056","article-title":"A dual role for autophagy in a murine model of lung cancer","volume":"5","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-0397","article-title":"Autophagy Sustains Mitochondrial Glutamine Metabolism and Growth of BrafV600E\u2013Driven Lung Tumors","volume":"3","author":"Strohecker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109415","article-title":"Autophagy: A novel mechanism of chemoresistance in cancers","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-017-0219-2","article-title":"Autophagy and multidrug resistance in cancer","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118745","article-title":"Inhibiting autophagy to prevent drug resistance and improve anti-tumor therapy","volume":"265","author":"Ramirez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614178","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.614178","article-title":"Autophagy and Exosomes Relationship in Cancer: Friends or Foes?","volume":"8","author":"Colletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-019-0292-y","article-title":"Autophagy and cancer stem cells: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications","volume":"26","author":"Nazio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v12.i5.303","article-title":"Molecular modulation of autophagy: New venture to target resistant cancer stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Mandhair","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.09.022","article-title":"Mitophagy Controls the Activities of Tumor Suppressor p53 to Regulate Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.07.021","article-title":"JAK-mediated autophagy regulates stemness and cell survival in cisplatin resistant bladder cancer cells","volume":"1860","author":"Ojha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2943","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.327","article-title":"Autophagy inhibition reduces chemoresistance and tumorigenic potential of human ovarian cancer stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Pagotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e838","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.350","article-title":"Autophagy and chemotherapy resistance: A promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment","volume":"4","author":"Sui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4272-5_23","article-title":"Autophagy and Tumor Cell Death","volume":"1207","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11137","article-title":"Cell death: A review of the major forms of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy","volume":"43","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peixoto, P., Grandvallet, C., Feugeas, J.-P., Guittaut, M., and Hervouet, E. (2019). Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Key Process for Cancer-Related Phenotypes. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121656"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00587-w","article-title":"Autophagy in cancers including brain tumors: Role of MicroRNAs","volume":"18","author":"Pourhanifeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Arias, A., Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, D., P\u00e9rez-Tom\u00e1s, R., Quesada, R., and Soto-Cerrato, V. (2019). Targeting Autophagy for Cancer Treatment and Tumor Chemosensitization. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101599"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp148","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes Among Adult Survivors of Childhood Central Nervous System Malignancies in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"101","author":"Armstrong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29604","article-title":"Treatment-induced hearing loss and adult social outcomes in survivors of childhood CNS and non-CNS solid tumors: Results from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study","volume":"121","author":"Brinkman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25064","article-title":"Late effects in survivors of childhood CNS tumors treated on Head Start I and II protocols","volume":"61","author":"Saha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"408","article-title":"Neurocognitive consequences of a paediatric brain tumour and its treatment: A meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Meeteren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.182","article-title":"Neurocognitive function after radiotherapy for paediatric brain tumours","volume":"8","author":"Padovani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev162693","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.162693","article-title":"The developmental origin of brain tumours: A cellular and molecular framework","volume":"145","author":"Azzarelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Subtypes of medulloblastoma have distinct developmental origins","volume":"468","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566822","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.566822","article-title":"Cancer Predisposition Syndromes and Medulloblastoma in the Molecular Era","volume":"10","author":"Carta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30242-0","article-title":"Spectrum and prevalence of genetic predisposition in medulloblastoma: A retrospective genetic study and prospective validation in a clinical trial cohort","volume":"19","author":"Waszak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"428","article-title":"Enhancer hijacking activates GFI1 family oncogenes in medulloblastoma","volume":"511","author":"Northcott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"311","article-title":"The whole-genome landscape of medulloblastoma subtypes","volume":"547","author":"Northcott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nature26000","article-title":"DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours","volume":"555","author":"Capper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05603-3","article-title":"Autophagy inhibition impairs the invasion potential of medulloblastoma cells","volume":"47","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.07.140","article-title":"Restoration of miR-30a expression inhibits growth, tumorigenicity of medulloblastoma cells accompanied by autophagy inhibition","volume":"491","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0697-3","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-204 expression defines a highly aggressive subset of Group 3\/Group 4 medulloblastomas","volume":"7","author":"Bharambe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.02.019","article-title":"VHL-Regulated MiR-204 Suppresses Tumor Growth through Inhibition of LC3B-Mediated Autophagy in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Mikhaylova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.10.005","article-title":"Humanized Stem Cell Models of Pediatric Medulloblastoma Reveal an Oct4\/mTOR Axis that Promotes Malignancy","volume":"25","author":"Hutter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2010.28","article-title":"Cathepsin B facilitates autophagy-mediated apoptosis in SPARC overexpressed primitive neuroectodermal tumor cells","volume":"17","author":"Bhoopathi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.04.014","article-title":"Blockade of SOX4 mediated DNA repair by SPARC enhances radioresponse in medulloblastoma","volume":"323","author":"Chetty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2014.06.014","article-title":"miR-let-7f-1 regulates SPARC mediated cisplatin resistance in medulloblastoma cells","volume":"26","author":"Pannuru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01107-w","article-title":"Hypoxia and its therapeutic possibilities in paediatric cancers","volume":"124","author":"Bernauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01639-2","article-title":"Hypoxia, metabolism, and the circadian clock: New links to overcome radiation resistance in high-grade gliomas","volume":"39","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2016.04.003","article-title":"Role of Autophagy as a Survival Mechanism for Hypoxic Cells in Tumors","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00166-09","article-title":"Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy Is Mediated through Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via Their BH3 Domains","volume":"29","author":"Bellot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009617666170315162525","article-title":"HIF1A is Overexpressed in Medulloblastoma and its Inhibition Reduces Proliferation and Increases EPAS1 and ATG16L1 Methylation","volume":"18","author":"Cruzeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100554","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2018100554","article-title":"Intrinsic lipid binding activity of ATG 16L1 supports efficient membrane anchoring and autophagy","volume":"38","author":"Dudley","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.06.023","article-title":"Gene promoter methylation and cancer: An umbrella review","volume":"710","author":"Bouras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichl, B., Niederstaetter, L., Boegl, T., Neuditschko, B., Bileck, A., Gojo, J., Buchberger, W., Peyrl, A., and Gerner, C. (2020). Determination of a Tumor-Promoting Microenvironment in Recurrent Medulloblastoma: A Multi-Omics Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061350"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23236","article-title":"Frequency, Risk-Factors and Survival of Children With Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumors (AT\/RT) of the CNS Diagnosed between 1988 and 2004, and Registered to the German HIT Database","volume":"57","author":"Hinkes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30405","article-title":"Assessment of the treatment approach and survival outcomes in a modern cohort of patients with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors using the N ational C ancer D atabase","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0357-3","article-title":"The SWI\/SNF complex in cancer\u2014biology, biomarkers and therapy","volume":"17","author":"Mittal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.02.001","article-title":"Atypical Teratoid\/Rhabdoid Tumors Are Comprised of Three Epigenetic Subgroups with Distinct Enhancer Landscapes","volume":"29","author":"Johann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.11.003","article-title":"Integrated (epi)-Genomic Analyses Identify Subgroup-Specific Therapeutic Targets in CNS Rhabdoid Tumors","volume":"30","author":"Torchia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz235","article-title":"Molecular subgrouping of atypical teratoid\/rhabdoid tumors\u2014A reinvestigation and current consensus","volume":"22","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-011-0684-4","article-title":"Modulation of pediatric brain tumor autophagy and chemosensitivity","volume":"106","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23897","article-title":"Induction of autophagy in malignant rhabdoid tumor cells by the histone deacetylase inhibitor FK228 through AIF translocation","volume":"124","author":"Watanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nor208","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibition decreases proliferation and potentiates the effect of ionizing radiation in atypical teratoid\/rhabdoid tumor cells","volume":"14","author":"Knipstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz150","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012\u20132016","volume":"21","author":"Ostrom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2013). Et the St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital\u2013Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Whole-genome sequencing identifies genetic alterations in pediatric low-grade gliomas. Nat. Genet., 45, 602\u2013612.","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2611"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.12.258","article-title":"Risk Factors for Malignant Transformation of Low-Grade Glioma","volume":"100","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71206-9","article-title":"Next-generation (epi)genetic drivers of childhood brain tumours and the outlook for targeted therapies","volume":"16","author":"Pfister","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noq007","article-title":"Activating mutations in BRAF characterize a spectrum of pediatric low-grade gliomas","volume":"12","author":"Dougherty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"51","article-title":"BRAF alterations in primary brain tumors","volume":"26","author":"Maraka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00766","article-title":"Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer","volume":"417","author":"Davies","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00898-6","article-title":"FGFR- gene family alterations in low-grade neuroepithelial tumors","volume":"8","author":"Bale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0802-6","article-title":"Analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma","volume":"121","author":"Schindler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1880-y","article-title":"Effect of early-stage autophagy inhibition in BRAFV600E autophagy-dependent brain tumor cells","volume":"10","author":"Zahedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0049","article-title":"Autophagy Inhibition Improves Chemosensitivity in BRAFV600E Brain Tumors","volume":"4","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0169-x","article-title":"Molecular characteristics and therapeutic vulnerabilities across paediatric solid tumours","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaminska, B., Czapski, B., Guzik, R., Kr\u00f3l, S.K., and Gielniewski, B. (2019). Consequences of IDH1\/2 Mutations in Gliomas and an Assessment of Inhibitors Targeting Mutated IDH Proteins. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050968"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808710","article-title":"IDH1 and IDH2Mutations in Gliomas","volume":"360","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2936","article-title":"Genomic analysis of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas identifies three molecular subgroups and recurrent activating ACVR1 mutations","volume":"46","author":"Buczkowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2938","article-title":"The genomic landscape of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and pediatric non-brainstem high-grade glioma","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10833","article-title":"Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma","volume":"482","author":"Schwartzentruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1102","article-title":"Somatic histone H3 alterations in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas and non-brainstem glioblastomas","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2950","article-title":"Recurrent somatic mutations in ACVR1 in pediatric midline high-grade astrocytoma","volume":"46","author":"Fontebasso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2925","article-title":"Recurrent activating ACVR1 mutations in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma","volume":"46","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escamilla-Ram\u00edrez, A., Castillo-Rodr\u00edguez, R.A., Zavala-Vega, S., Jimenez-Farfan, D., Anaya-Rubio, I., Brise\u00f1o, E., Palencia, G., Guevara, P., Cruz-Salgado, A., and Sotelo, J. (2020). Autophagy as a Potential Therapy for Malignant Glioma. Pharm., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13070156"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knizhnik, A.V., Roos, W.P., Nikolova, T., Quiros, S., Tomaszowski, K.-H., Christmann, M., and Kaina, B. (2013). Survival and Death Strategies in Glioma Cells: Autophagy, Senescence and Apoptosis Triggered by a Single Type of Temozolomide-Induced DNA Damage. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055665"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20803","article-title":"MGMT promoter methylation correlates with survival benefit and sensitivity to temozolomide in pediatric glioblastoma","volume":"48","author":"Donson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazurek, M., Grochowski, C., Litak, J., Osuchowska, I., Maciejewski, R., and Kamieniak, P. (2020). Recent Trends of microRNA Significance in Pediatric Population Glioblastoma and Current Knowledge of Micro RNA Function in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093046"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.24597","article-title":"microRNA-17 regulates the expression of ATG7 and modulates the autophagy process, improving the sensitivity to temozolomide and low-dose ionizing radiation treatments in human glioblastoma cells","volume":"14","author":"Comincini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not215","article-title":"High-throughput microRNA profiling of pediatric high-grade gliomas","volume":"16","author":"Miele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-018-0620-y","article-title":"Euphol, a tetracyclic triterpene, from Euphorbia tirucalli induces autophagy and sensitizes temozolomide cytotoxicity on glioblastoma cells","volume":"37","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12729","article-title":"Modulating autophagy as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of paediatric high-grade glioma","volume":"29","author":"Howarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7541","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24045","article-title":"Dual targeting of mitochondrial function and mTOR pathway as a therapeutic strategy for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma","volume":"9","author":"Tsoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S167095","article-title":"Combined use of CDK4\/6 and mTOR inhibitors induce synergistic growth arrest of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma cells via mutual downregulation of mTORC1 activity","volume":"10","author":"Asby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"455","article-title":"Preclinical analysis of MTOR complex 1\/2 inhibition in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma","volume":"39","author":"Flannery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf7593","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaf7593","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets in pediatric brain tumors","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2018.12.001","article-title":"Management of Ependymoma in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults","volume":"31","author":"Thorp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5630","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0833","article-title":"Molecular Insights into Pediatric Brain Tumors Have the Potential to Transform Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Gajjar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70342-5","article-title":"Conformal radiotherapy after surgery for paediatric ependymoma: A prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Merchant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.04.002","article-title":"Molecular Classification of Ependymal Tumors across All CNS Compartments, Histopathological Grades, and Age Groups","volume":"27","author":"Pajtler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep00878","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00878","article-title":"Regulation of autophagy by nucleoporin Tpr","volume":"2","author":"Funasaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewi, F.R.P., Jiapaer, S., Kobayashi, A., Hazawa, M., Ikliptikawati, D.K., Sabit, H., Nakada, M., and Wong, R.W. (2020). Nucleoporin TPR (translocated promoter region, nuclear basket protein) upregulation alters MTOR-HSF1 trails and suppresses autophagy induction in ependymoma. Autophagy, 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1741318"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0266-5","article-title":"Nucleophagy: From homeostasis to disease","volume":"26","author":"Papandreou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Retinoblastoma","volume":"1","author":"Dimaras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn024","article-title":"Loss of RB1 induces non-proliferative retinoma: Increasing genomic instability correlates with progression to retinoblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Dimaras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"329","article-title":"A novel retinoblastoma therapy from genomic and epigenetic analyses","volume":"481","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"33","article-title":"The genomic landscape of retinoblastoma: A review","volume":"42","author":"Dimaras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"3152","article-title":"Expression of Autophagy-Related Protein LC3B, P62, and Cytoplas-mic P53 in Human Retinoblastoma Tissues","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Cytoplasmic functions of the tumour suppressor p53","volume":"458","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26464","article-title":"MALAT1 modulates the autophagy of retinoblastoma cell through miR-124-mediated stx17 regulation","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-008-0701-x","article-title":"Identification of miRNAs associated with tumorigenesis of retinoblastoma by miRNA microarray analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4779","article-title":"MicroRNA-320 regulates autophagy in retinoblastoma by targeting hypoxia inducible factor-1\u03b1","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"3526","article-title":"Silencing of lncRNA XIST suppresses proliferation and autophagy and enhances vincristine sensitivity in retinoblastoma cells by sponging miR-204-5p 2020, 24, 3526\u20133537","volume":"24","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"miR-204-5p"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.321.8828","article-title":"Correlation of CD24 expression with histological grading and TNM staging of retinoblastoma","volume":"32","author":"Ishaque","year":"1969","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12708","article-title":"CD24 blunts the sensitivity of retinoblastoma to vincristine by modulating autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.10.PEDS18377","article-title":"Childhood brain tumors: Current management, biological insights, and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Pollack","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-019-0474-7","article-title":"Autophagy in cancer: Moving from understanding mechanism to improving therapy responses in patients","volume":"27","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19671","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.19671","article-title":"Autophagy inhibition overcomes multiple mechanisms of resistance to BRAF inhibition in brain tumors","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2017.781","article-title":"Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO)\u2014chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as anti-cancer agents","volume":"11","author":"Verbaanderd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2007.12.008","article-title":"Temsirolimus downregulates p21 without altering cyclin D1 expression and induces autophagy and synergizes with vorinostat in mantle cell lymphoma","volume":"36","author":"Yazbeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbior.2014.09.004","article-title":"Distinct signaling mechanisms of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in glioblastoma multiforme: A tale of two complexes","volume":"57","author":"Gillick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Regul."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacchione, A., Lodi, M., Carai, A., Miele, E., Tartaglia, M., Megaro, G., Del Baldo, G., Alessi, I., Colafati, G.S., and Carboni, A. (2020). Upfront treatment with mTOR inhibitor everolimus in pediatric low-grade gliomas: A single-center experience. Int. J. Cancer.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33438"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/3\/481\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:35:23Z","timestamp":1760160923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/3\/481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11030481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11030481","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]}}}