{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:38:37Z","timestamp":1788460717131,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016149","name":"Seoul National University Dental Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05-2019-0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05-2019-0019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016149","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the tongue and lip pressure on dentofacial morphology. The subjects comprised 194 patients with malocclusion. Anterior and posterior tongue elevation and lip pressures were evaluated using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) device. The lateral cephalograms of each subject were traced and digitized to perform the analysis. Statistical analysis was used to investigate the relationship between perioral muscle force and the cephalometric variables. Anterior and posterior tongue pressure was both higher in males than in females. No sex difference in lip pressure was observed. The group with a low posterior tongue pressure showed a short ramus height, short posterior facial height, and clockwise-rotated mandible. On the other hand, lip pressure had a significant influence on maxillary incisor angulation. Skeletal pattern was not found to be significantly related with lip pressure. The anterior tongue pressure appeared as a mixed pattern of the two results. Tongue pressure was related to skeletal measurements, such as short posterior facial height, and lip pressure was related to the angulation of the anterior teeth. This study suggests that there may be differences in dentofacial morphology according to the differences in perioral muscle force.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T11:56:55Z","timestamp":1615550215000},"page":"503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Comparative Analysis of the Differences in Dentofacial Morphology According to the Tongue and Lip Pressure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yoo-Sun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiho","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6586-9503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Hak","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Hee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il-Hyung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2824-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4390-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seok-Ki","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15355, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(52)90037-7","article-title":"Consideration of musculature in diagnosis, treatment, and retention","volume":"38","author":"Brodie","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am. 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