{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:37:37Z","timestamp":1792082257091,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019ZDPY17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZDPY17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congestive heart failure (CHF), a progressive and complex syndrome caused by ventricular dysfunction, is difficult to detect at an early stage. Heart rate variability (HRV) was proposed as a prognostic indicator for CHF. Inspired by the success of 2-D UNet++ in medical image segmentation, in this paper, we introduce an end-to-end encoder-decoder model to detect CHF using HRV signals. The developed model enhances the UNet++ model with Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) residual blocks to extract deep features hierarchically and distinguish CHF patients from normal subjects. Two open-source databases are utilized for evaluating the proposed method, and three segment lengths of intervals between successive R-peaks are employed in comparison with state-of-the-art methods. The proposed method achieves an accuracy of 85.64%, 86.65% and 88.79% when 500, 1000 and 2000 RR intervals are utilized, respectively. It demonstrates that HRV evaluation based on deep learning can be an important tool for early detection of CHF, and may assist clinicians in achieving timely and accurate diagnoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T21:42:41Z","timestamp":1615930961000},"page":"534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An Improved UNet++ Model for Congestive Heart Failure Diagnosis Using Short-Term RR Intervals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electrical Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electrical Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electrical Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7322-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electrical Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.10.089","article-title":"Joint effects of obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension on chronic heart failure: A cross-sectional study","volume":"257","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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