{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:54:48Z","timestamp":1760234088975,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute necrotizing encephalopathy is a devastating clinico-radiological syndrome characterized by fulminant neurological deterioration after an antecedent febrile illness, as well as the imaging hallmark of bilateral thalamic involvement. Herein, we describe a 4-year-old boy with typical clinical and neuroimaging features of acute necrotizing encephalopathy. The bithalamic swelling led to a block of cerebrospinal fluid circulation at the foramen of Monro, thereby causing the mild dilatation of lateral ventricles. The periventricular areas could, therefore, have been potentially affected by the acute necrotizing encephalopathy per se and\/or transependymal edema secondary to obstructive hydrocephalus. The information from diffusion imaging allows for differentiation between these two pathophysiological processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T11:13:26Z","timestamp":1616411606000},"page":"568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy in a Four-Year-Old Boy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Cheng-Hsien","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin 640, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9016-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Sheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-37085","article-title":"Diagnostic difficulties in childhood bilateral thalamic astrocytomas","volume":"33","author":"Gudowius","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25789","article-title":"Pediatric leigh syndrome: Neuroimaging features and genetic correlations","volume":"88","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e233541","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-233541","article-title":"Influenza A-associated acute necrotising encephalopathy in a 10-year-old child","volume":"13","author":"Sanders","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010250","article-title":"Acute necrotizing encephalopathy with SARS-CoV-2 RNA confirmed in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"95","author":"Virhammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/3\/568\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:38:59Z","timestamp":1760161139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/3\/568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11030568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11030568","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]}}}