{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:51:38Z","timestamp":1790700698399,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have become a mainstay of malaria diagnosis in endemic countries since their implementation in the 1990s. We conducted a 30-year systematic review and meta-analysis on malaria RDTs performance in India. Outcomes of interest were sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive\/negative likelihood ratio (PLR\/NLR), and diagnostic odd ratio (DOR). Among the 75 studies included, most of the studies were cross-sectional (65.3%), hospital-based (77.3%), and targeted febrile patients (90.6%). Nearly half of RDTs were designed for detecting Plasmodium falciparum only (47.5%) while the rest were for P. falciparum and P. vivax (11.9%), and P. falciparum\/Pan-Plasmodium except for P. knowlesi (32.3%). When compared to light microscopy (gold standard), pooled estimates of performances were: Se = 97.0%, Sp = 96.0%, PLR = 22.4, NLR = 0.02 and DOR = 1080. In comparison to polymerase chain reaction, the RDTs showed Se = 89.0% and Sp = 99.0%. Performance outcomes (Se and Sp) were similar for RDT targeting P. falciparum only, but decreased for mixed and non-falciparum infections. Performances of malaria RDTs are still high India. However, there is a need for developing RDTs with regard to targeting minor malarial species, individuals carrying only mature gametocytes, and pfhrp2-deleted parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T14:51:12Z","timestamp":1616683872000},"page":"590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Field Performances of Rapid Diagnostic Tests Detecting Human Plasmodium Species: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in India, 1990\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loick Pradel","family":"Kojom Foko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand 263001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Pande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand 263001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0113-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineeta","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1608","article-title":"Malaria","volume":"391","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2020). 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