{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:14:39Z","timestamp":1792851279374,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung ultrasound has become increasingly used in both adult and pediatric populations, allowing the rapid evaluation of many lung and pleura diseases. This popularity is due to several advantages of the method such as the low cost, rapidity, lack of ionizing radiation, availability of bedside and repeatability of the method. These features are even more important after the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, given the possibility of recognizing through ultrasound the signs of interstitial lung syndrome typical of pneumonia caused by the virus. The purpose of this paper is to review the available evidence of lung ultrasound (LUS) in children and its main applications in pediatric diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1617487416000},"page":"652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Lung Ultrasound: Its Findings and New Applications in Neonatology and Pediatric Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elio","family":"Iovine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Nenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bloise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Maternal and Child Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 4100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico Paolo","family":"La Regina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Pepino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Petrarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Frassanito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Lubrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Maternal and Child Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 4100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Midulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-006-0170-x","article-title":"Assessment of radiation dose awareness among pediatricians","volume":"36","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-012-2046-9","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in acute and critical care medicine","volume":"6","author":"Zechner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2513-4","article-title":"International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound","volume":"38","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190058","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190058","article-title":"Ultrasound of the pediatric chest","volume":"92","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattarossi, L. (2013). Lung ultrasound: Its role in neonatology and pediatrics. Early Hum. Dev., 89.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(13)70006-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-008-0247-8","article-title":"Ultrasound diagnosis of pneumonia in children","volume":"113","author":"Copetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201157","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1157","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in children with COVID-19","volume":"146","author":"Denina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"347","article-title":"Application of pulmonary ultrasound in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia in neonates","volume":"58","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000357449","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in community-acquired pneumonia and in interstitial lung diseases","volume":"87","author":"Reissig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1499","article-title":"Study Group on Acute Heart Failure of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Expert consensus document: Reporting checklist for quantification of pulmonary congestion by lung ultrasound in heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Platz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15285","article-title":"Proposal for international standardization of the use of lung ultrasound for patients with COVID-19. A simple, quantitative, reproducible method","volume":"39","author":"Soldati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenna, R., Iovine, E., Laudisa, M., Bloise, S., La Regina, D.P., and Midulla, F. (2021). Comment on Jaworska, J.; et al. Consensus on the Application of Lung Ultrasound in Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis in Children. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010055"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaworska, J., Komorowska-Piotrowska, A., Pomie\u0107ko, A., Wi\u015bniewski, J., Wo\u017aniak, M., Littwin, B., Kryger, M., Kwa\u015bniewicz, P., Szczyrski, J., and Kuli\u0144ska-Szukalska, K. (2021). Response to Comment on Jaworska, J.; et al. Consensus on the Application of Lung Ultrasound in Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis in Children. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110935"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2013.08.002","article-title":"Thoracic ultrasonography","volume":"30","author":"Lobo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.5.1345","article-title":"A bedside ultrasound sign ruling out pneumothorax in the critically ill. Lung sliding","volume":"108","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.5.96-07096","article-title":"The comet-tail artifact. An ultrasound sign of alveolar interstitial syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000097454","article-title":"The \u201cdouble lung point\u201d: An ultrasound sign diagnostic of transient tachypnea of the newborn","volume":"91","author":"Copetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15347","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound Pattern in Healthy Infants during the First 6\u2009Months of Life","volume":"39","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2174\/157339612802139389","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in the critically ill neonate","volume":"8","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1376317","article-title":"Role of chest ultrasound in neonatal lung disease: A review of current evidences","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copetti, R., Cattarossi, L., Macagno, F., Violino, M., and Furlan, R. (2008). Lung ultrasound in respiratory distress syndrome: A useful tool for early diagnosis. Neonatology, 94.","DOI":"10.1159\/000113059"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1159\/000499361","article-title":"European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome\u20142019 Update","volume":"115","author":"Sweet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03470-0","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in preterm infants with respiratory distress: Experience in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"179","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.35.10.417","article-title":"Respiratory distress in the newborn","volume":"35","author":"Reuter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, Y., Fu, W., Yang, C.S., and Huang, J.J. (2014). Diagnosis of neonatal transient tachypnea and its differentiation from respiratory distress syndrome using lung ultrasound. Medicine, 93.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000197"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piastra, M., Yousef, N., Brat, R., Manzoni, P., Mokhtari, M., and De Luca, D. (2014). Lung ultrasound findings in meconium aspiration syndrome. Early Hum. Dev., 90.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(14)50011-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000440894","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal management of congenital pulmonary airway malformation","volume":"110","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-008-2201-1","article-title":"Congenital lung lesions: Classification and concordance of radiological appearance and surgical pathology","volume":"24","author":"Farrugia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1645861","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound Findings in Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation","volume":"35","author":"Yousef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03321-y","article-title":"Lung ultrasound findings in congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"178","author":"Corsini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200598","article-title":"British Thoracic society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: Update 2011","volume":"66","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir625","article-title":"The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: Clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"53","author":"Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24020","article-title":"Lung ultrasound compared to chest-X-ray for diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia: A meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Balk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3910-1","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in children","volume":"47","author":"Stadler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03335-6","article-title":"Point-of-care lung ultrasound in infants with bronchiolitis in the pediatric emergency department: A prospective study","volume":"178","author":"Supino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24287","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for prediction of respiratory support in infants with acute bronchiolitis: A cohort study","volume":"54","author":"Sainz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaworska, J., Komorowska-Piotrowska, A., Pomie\u0107ko, A., Wi\u015bniewski, J., Wo\u017aniak, M., Littwin, B., Kryger, M., Kwa\u015bniewicz, P., Szczyrski, J., and Kuli\u0144ska-Szukalska, K. (2020). Consensus on the Application of Lung Ultrasound in Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis in Children. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110935"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2281","article-title":"The dynamic air bronchogram. A lung ultrasound sign of alveolar consolidation ruling out atelectasis","volume":"135","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller-S\u00f8rensen, H., Gjedsted, J., J\u00f8rgensen, V.L., and Hansen, K.L. (2020). COVID-19 Assessment with Bedside Lung Ultrasound in a Population of Intensive Care Patients Treated with Mechanical Ventilation and ECMO. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10070447"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.06.011","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and monitoring of community acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"109","author":"Urbankowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0364","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective, multicenter, diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"142","author":"Reissig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15147","article-title":"The Use of Lung Ultrasound to Monitor the Antibiotic Response of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: A Preliminary Hypothesis","volume":"39","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54499-y","article-title":"The Usefulness of Lung Ultrasound for the Aetiological Diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children","volume":"29","author":"Berce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2147\/OAEM.S238702","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound in Children with Respiratory Tract Infections: Viral, Bacterial or COVID-19? A Narrative Review","volume":"12","author":"Kharasch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Access Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloise, S., La Regina, D., Pepino, D., Iovine, E., Laudisa, M., Di Mattia, G., Nicolai, A., Nenna, R., Petrarca, L., and Mancino, E. (2020). Lung ultrasound compared to chest X-ray for the diagnosis of CAP in children. Pediatr. Int.","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14469"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.12.032","article-title":"Performance of chest ultrasound in pediatric pneumonia","volume":"88","author":"Claes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1461-2","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in bronchiolitis: Comparison with chest X-ray","volume":"170","author":"Caiulo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25156","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in bronchiolitis","volume":"56","author":"Bloise","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zkaya, A., Yilmaz, H., Kendir, \u00d6., G\u00f6kay, S.S., and Ey\u00fcbo\u011flu, \u0130. (2020). Lung Ultrasound Findings and Bronchiolitis Ultrasound Score for Predicting Hospital Admission in Children with Acute Bronchiolitis. Pediatr. Emerg. Care, 36.","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001705"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271982","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5271982","article-title":"Accuracy of Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Pneumothorax: A Comparison between Neonates and Adults-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Dahmarde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000627","article-title":"The \u201clung point\u201d: An ultrasound sign specific to pneumothorax","volume":"26","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01944.x","article-title":"Malaysian National Neonatal Registry. Risk factors associated with pneumothorax in Malaysian neonatal intensive care units","volume":"47","author":"Boo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802010000200009","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of sonography for pleural effusion: Systematic review","volume":"128","author":"Grimberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2434","article-title":"Ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of pleural effusions","volume":"10","author":"Soni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132014000100001","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in the evaluation of pleural effusion","volume":"40","author":"Prina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bras. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001547","article-title":"Pediatric Lung Abscess Immediate Diagnosis by Point-of-Care Ultrasound","volume":"34","author":"Kraft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200406000-00006","article-title":"Differentiating pyopneumothorax and peripheral lung abscess: Chest ultrasonography","volume":"327","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-008-1133-1","article-title":"Imaging of parapneumonic pleural effusions and empyema in children","volume":"39","author":"Calder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208904","article-title":"The accuracy of pleural ultrasonography in diagnosing complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions","volume":"72","author":"Svigals","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2188","article-title":"Ultrasound in peripheral pulmonary air-fluid lesions. Color doppler imaging as an aid in differentiating empyema and abscess","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31550-6","article-title":"Complicated pneumonia in children","volume":"396","author":"Kerem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.030676","article-title":"Paediatric Pleural Diseases Subcommittee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of pleural infection in children","volume":"60","author":"Abrahamson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4171-3","article-title":"Real-time ultrasound-guided pigtail catheter chest drain for complicated parapneumonic effusion and empyema in children\u201416-year, single-centre experience of radiologically placed drains","volume":"48","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"200","article-title":"CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019 nCoV)","volume":"4","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isoldi, S., Mallardo, S., Marcellino, A., Bloise, S., Dilillo, A., Iorfida, D., Testa, A., Del Giudice, E., Martucci, V., and Sanseviero, M. (2021). The comprehensive clinic, laboratory, and instrumental evaluation of children with COVID-19: A 6-months prospective study. J. Med. Virol.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26871"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Mo, X., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., and Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics, 145.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0702"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30120-X","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak: Less stethoscope, more ultrasound","volume":"8","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02876-9","article-title":"Lung ultrasound findings in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.026","article-title":"Roman Lung Ultrasound Study Team for Pediatric COVID-19 (ROMULUS COVID Team). Lung Ultrasound in Children with COVID-19: Preliminary Findings","volume":"46","author":"Musolino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musolino, A.M., Supino, M.C., Buonsenso, D., Papa, R.E., Chiurchi\u00f9, S., Magistrelli, A., Barbieri, M.A., Raponi, M., D\u2019Argenio, P., and Villani, A. (2021). Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and monitoring of 30 children with coronavirus disease 2019. Pediatric Pulmonol., 6.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.160157563.38644675"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norbedo, S., Blaivas, M., Raffaldi, I., and Caroselli, C. (2020). Lung Ultrasound Point-of-View in Pediatric and Adult COVID-19 Infection. J. Ultrasound Med., 7.","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15475"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2007.10.009","article-title":"Ultrasound lung comets for the differential diagnosis of acute cardiogenic dyspnoea: A comparison with natriuretic peptides","volume":"10","author":"Gargani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jus.2011.06.009","article-title":"Thoracic ultrasonography: A new method for the work-up of patients with dyspnea","volume":"14","author":"Vitturi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.02.013","article-title":"Bedside lung ultrasound in the assessment of alveolar-interstitial syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2005.05.019","article-title":"Ultrasound lung comets: A clinically useful sign of extravascular lung water","volume":"19","author":"Picano","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw164","article-title":"Ultrasound of extravascular lung water: A new standard for pulmonary congestion","volume":"37","author":"Picano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.05.009","article-title":"Trauma Ultrasound","volume":"41","author":"Wongwaisayawan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-507X2010000300012","article-title":"Usefulness of Extended-FAST (EFAST-Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma) in critical care setting","volume":"22","author":"Flato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiva"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.01.033","article-title":"Chest ultrasonography for the emergency diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax and haemothorax: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Staub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"55","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasonography and radiography in detection of thoracic bone fractures; a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Yousefifard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emergency"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloise, S., Martucci, V., Marcellino, A., Mallardo, S., and Lubrano, R. (2020). Possible Role of Thoracic Ultrasound in the Diagnostic Pathway of Infant Abuse in the Pediatric Emergency Department. J. Ultrasound Med., 24.","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15546"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2017-207416","article-title":"Comparison of the use of lung ultrasound and chest radiography in the diagnosis of rib fracture: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Battle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002069","article-title":"Utility of perioperative lung ultrasound in pediatric cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"128","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Townsley, M. (2020). Lung Ultrasound in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Complementary Tool for Predicting and Identifying Postoperative Pulmonary Complications. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11865","article-title":"Can neonatal ultrasound monitor fluid clearence and preditc the need of respiratory support?","volume":"16","author":"Raimondi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"598","article-title":"Lung ultrasound profile after cardiopulmonary bypass in paediatric cardiac surgery: First experience in a simple cohort","volume":"24","author":"Vitale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivv315","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in adult and paediatric cardiac surgery: Is it time for routine use?","volume":"22","author":"Cantinotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.01.060","article-title":"Lung ultrasonography and pediatric cardiac surgery: First experience with a new tool for postoperative lung complications","volume":"97","author":"Vitale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115001213","article-title":"Point-of-care pleural and lung ultrasound in a newborn suffering from cardiac arrest due to tension pneumothorax after cardiac surgery","volume":"26","author":"Polito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2015.03.016","article-title":"Chest Ultrasound: A New, Easy, and Radiation-Free Tool to Detect Retrosternal Clot after Pediatric Cardiac Surgery","volume":"29","author":"Cantinotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24720","article-title":"Lung ultrasound evaluation of incremental PEEP recruitment maneuver in children undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"55","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1159\/000446518","article-title":"A Review of the Ultrasound Assessment of Diaphragmatic Function in Clinical Practice","volume":"91","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Y., Zhang, Z., Sheng, C.-Q., Li, Y.-M., and Jia, F.-Y. (2019). The predictive value of diaphragm ultrasound for weaning outcomes in critically ill children. BMC Pulm. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-1034-0"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23993","article-title":"Point of care diaphragm ultrasound in infants with bronchiolitis: A prospective study","volume":"53","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2018.2885955","article-title":"Automatic Detection of B-Lines in In Vivo Lung Ultrasound","volume":"66","author":"Moshavegh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2020.3026536","article-title":"Ultrasound Elastography for Lung Disease Assessment","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4988149","article-title":"An ultrasound surface wave elastography technique for noninvasive measurement of surface lung tissue","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2017.2707981","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound Surface Wave Elastography: A Pilot Clinical Study","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000334","article-title":"Assessment of Interstitial Lung Disease Using Lung Ultrasound Surface Wave Elastography: A Novel Technique with Clinicoradiologic Correlates","volume":"34","author":"Clay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/4\/652\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:11:14Z","timestamp":1760364674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/4\/652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11040652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11040652","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]}}}