{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:33:22Z","timestamp":1788489202111,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Distinguished Research Professor Grant from the Thailand Research Fund","award":["DPG6280002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPG6280002"]}]},{"name":"Scholarship under Industrial Post-doctorate Development for Agriculture, Food, Energy and Bio-materials for Future from Khon Kaen University, Thailand","award":["KKU-PMU-B 63-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KKU-PMU-B 63-001"]}]},{"name":"Khon Kaen University Research and Graduate studies","award":["RP64010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP64010"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010804","name":"Faculty of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DR63101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DR63101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010804","name":"Faculty of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG63301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG63301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human gnathostomiasis is a harmful food-borne zoonosis caused by roundworms of the genus Gnathostoma. The parasite can occasionally migrate to the central nervous system, causing life-threatening disease and death. Here, we report a new point-of-care (POC) test kit, the gnathostomiasis blood immunochromatographic test (GB-ICT) kit. The kit is based on recombinant Gnathostoma spinigerum antigen and detects specific IgG4 antibody in whole-blood samples (WBSs). The GB-ICT kit showed potentially high diagnostic values with simulated WBSs (n = 248), which were obtained by spiking patients\u2019 sera with red blood cells. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 95.2%, 100%, 93.8%, 81.5%, and 100%, respectively. Ten WBSs from clinically suspected gnathostomiasis patients were all positive according to the GB-ICT kit, while 10 WBSs from healthy volunteers were negative. The GB-ICT kit is a simple and convenient POC testing tool using finger-prick blood samples: venous blood sampling and serum separation processes are not required. The GB-ICT kit can support clinical diagnosis in remote areas and field settings without sophisticated equipment facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11050862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T10:20:36Z","timestamp":1620728436000},"page":"862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Development of Immunochromatographic Test Kit for Rapid Detection of Specific IgG4 Antibody in Whole-Blood Samples for Diagnosis of Human Gnathostomiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penchom","family":"Janwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2138-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pewpan M.","family":"Intapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakkhana","family":"Sadaow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rutchanee","family":"Rodpai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patcharaporn","family":"Boonroumkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oranuch","family":"Sanpool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongjit","family":"Thanchomnang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuangphaka","family":"Sadee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6726-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanchai","family":"Maleewong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020625","article-title":"Gnathostomiasis: An emerging imported disease","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"358","article-title":"Cutaneous and medullar gnathostomiasis in travelers to Mexico and Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Grobusch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00003-09","article-title":"Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease","volume":"22","author":"Herman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Ryan, U., and Feng, Y. (2015). Gnathostoma. Food Microbiology Series: Biology of Foodborne Parasites, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b18317"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12212","article-title":"Gnathostomiasis: An emerging infection of raw fish consumers in Gnathostoma nematode-endemic and nonendemic countries","volume":"22","author":"Diaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04494-4","article-title":"Human gnathostomiasis: A neglected food-borne zoonosis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(77)90113-7","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis","volume":"31","author":"Boongird","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.07.006","article-title":"First case of neurognathostomiasis in Taiwan\u2014A Thai laborer presenting with eosinophilic meningitis and intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"114","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamilton, W.L., and Agranoff, D. (2018). Imported gnathostomiasis manifesting as cutaneous larva migrans and L\u00f6ffler\u2019s syndrome. BMJ Case Rep., 2018.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-223132"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0492","article-title":"Case report: Ocular gnathostomiasis in Venezuela most likely acquired in Texas","volume":"99","author":"Benavides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"201","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis","volume":"19","author":"Maleewong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(91)90079-M","article-title":"Purification of Gnathostoma spinigerum specific antigen and immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Nopparatana","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00013304","article-title":"A simplified method for the fractionation of Gnathostoma\u2013specific antigens for serodiagnosis of human gnathostomosis","volume":"67","author":"Tuntipopipat","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"S173","article-title":"Specific IgE antibody responses to somatic and excretory\u2013secretory antigens of third stage G. spinigerum larvae in human gnathostomiasis","volume":"84","author":"Saksirisampant","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thail."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(91)90033-4","article-title":"Specific antigen of Gnathostoma spinigerum for immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Tapchaisri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01478.x","article-title":"Diagnostic values of IgG4 in human gnathostomiasis","volume":"10","author":"Anantaphruti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0538-3","article-title":"Evaluation of human IgG class and subclass antibodies to a 24 kDa antigenic component of Gnathostoma spinigerum for the serodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis","volume":"101","author":"Laummaunwai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0113","article-title":"Immunoblot diagnostic test for neurognathostomiasis","volume":"83","author":"Intapan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0617","article-title":"Application of recombinant Gnathostoma spinigerum matrix metalloproteinase-like protein for serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis by immunoblotting","volume":"89","author":"Janwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1294-y","article-title":"Development and usefulness of an immunochromatographic device to detect antibodies for rapid diagnosis of human gnathostomiasis","volume":"9","author":"Janwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.6.751","article-title":"A recombinant matrix metalloproteinase protein from Gnathostoma spinigerum for serodiagnosis of neurognathostomiasis","volume":"51","author":"Janwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"990","article-title":"A dot-ELISA test using a Gnathostoma spinigerum recombinant matrix metalloproteinase protein for the serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis","volume":"45","author":"Saenseeha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Wild, D., John, R., Sheehan, C., Binder, S., and He, J. (2013). Lateral flow immunoassay systems: Evolution from the current state of the art to the next generation of highly sensitive, quantitative rapid assays. The Immunoassay Handbook, Elsevier Science. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20150012","article-title":"Lateral flow assays","volume":"60","author":"Koczula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90384-6","article-title":"The epidemiology and control of intestinal helminths in the Pulicat Lake region of Southern India. I. Study design and pre\u2013and post\u2013treatment observations on Ascaris lumbricoides infection","volume":"80","author":"Elkins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"237","article-title":"Evaluation of IgG4 and total IgG antibodies against cysticerci and peptide antigens for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis by ELISA","volume":"26","author":"Intapan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"172","article-title":"The value of enzyme\u2013linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of human trichinosis","volume":"42","author":"Morakote","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"267","article-title":"Immunoblot evaluation of the specificity of the 29\u2013kDa antigen from young adult female worms Angiostrongylus cantonensis for immunodiagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis","volume":"19","author":"Maleewong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06907-w","article-title":"Effectiveness of Fasciola gigantica excretory\u2013secretory and recombinant cathepsin L antigens for rapid diagnosis of human fascioliasis using immunochromatographic devices","volume":"119","author":"Sadaow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)33930-X","article-title":"Predictive value and efficiency of laboratory testing","volume":"27","author":"Galen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90366-4","article-title":"The clinical significance of gastrointestinal helminths\u2014A review","volume":"80","author":"Cook","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X12000600","article-title":"Parasitoses of the human central nervous system","volume":"87","author":"Finsterer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874021","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/874021","article-title":"Parasitic pneumonia and lung involvement","volume":"2014","author":"Cheepsattayakorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2472-0542.1000135","article-title":"Public health significance of foodborne helminthiasis: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Pal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0602-z","article-title":"IgG1, IgG4, and IgE antibody responses in human strongyloidiasis by ELISA using Strongyloides ratti saline extract as heterologous antigen","volume":"101","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1179\/136485910X12786389891407","article-title":"Induction of immunoglobulin G4 in human filariasis: An indicator of immunoregulation","volume":"104","author":"Adjobimey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prodjinotho, U.F., von Horn, C., Debrah, A.Y., Batsa Debrah, L., Albers, A., Layland, L.E., Hoerauf, A., and Adjobimey, T. (2017). Pathological manifestations in lymphatic filariasis correlate with lack of inhibitory properties of IgG4 antibodies on IgE\u2013activated granulocytes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005777"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"371","article-title":"Serodiagnosis and early detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"52","author":"Arifin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(01)00200-4","article-title":"Development of a simple whole blood panel test for detection of human heart\u2013type fatty acid\u2013binding protein","volume":"34","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golden, A., Steel, C., Yokobe, L., Jackson, E., Barney, R., Kubofcik, J., Peck, R., Unnasch, T.R., Nutman, T.B., and de los Santos, T. (2013). Extended result reading window in lateral flow tests detecting exposure to Onchocerca volvulus: A new technology to improve epidemiological surveillance tools. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069231"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00717A","article-title":"High-yield paper-based quantitative blood separation system","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.10.2110","article-title":"Improving lactate analysis with the YSI 2300 GL: Hemolyzing blood samples makes results comparable with those for deproteinized whole blood","volume":"38","author":"Foxdal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.54.393","article-title":"A quantitative immunochromatography assay of whole blood samples for antigen\u2013specific IgE\u2014A new method for point of care testing for allergens","volume":"54","author":"Ono","year":"2005","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/5\/862\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:59:10Z","timestamp":1760162350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/5\/862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11050862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11050862","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]}}}