{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:56:16Z","timestamp":1790826976242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most important opportunistic infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, current techniques used to predict risk for CMV infection fall short. CMV-specific cell mediated immunity (CMI) plays an important role in protecting against CMV infection. There is evidence that assays measuring CMV-CMI might better identify SOT recipients at risk of complications from CMV compared to anti-CMV IgG, which is our current standard of care. Here, we review recently published studies that utilize CMV-CMI, at various points before and after transplantation, to help predict risk and guide the management of CMV infection following organ transplantation. The evidence supports the use of these novel assays to help identify SOT recipients at increased risk and highlights the need for larger prospective trials evaluating these modalities in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11050875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T11:10:06Z","timestamp":1620904206000},"page":"875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Utility of CMV-Specific Immune Monitoring for the Management of CMV in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Clinical Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8653-4657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katya","family":"Prakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Chandorkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapil K.","family":"Saharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000226071.12562.1a","article-title":"Impact of Cytomegalovirus in Organ Transplant Recipients in the Era of Antiviral Prophylaxis","volume":"81","author":"Limaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03618.x","article-title":"Association of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease with Death and Graft Loss After Liver Transplant in High-Risk Recipients","volume":"11","author":"Bosch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2004.00382.x","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Valganciclovir vs. Oral Ganciclovir for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"4","author":"Paya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002191","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Cytomegalovirus in Solid-organ Transplantation","volume":"102","author":"Kotton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13512","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13512","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients\u2014Guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Razonable","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.514","article-title":"The Case for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Snydman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2011.05.007","article-title":"Influence of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Outcome of Solid Organ Transplant Patients","volume":"43","author":"Linares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1086\/425002","article-title":"The Clinical Impact of Ganciclovir Prophylaxis on the Occurrence of Bacteremia in Orthotopic Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"39","author":"Slifkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.6.1419","article-title":"Sequelae of Cytomegalovirus Pulmonary Infections in Lung Allograft Recipients","volume":"146","author":"Duncan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerrina, J., Ladurie, F.L.R., Herv\u00e9, P.H., Parquin, F., Harari, S., Chapelier, A., Simoneau, G., Vouh\u00e9, P., and Dartevelle, P.H. (1992). Role of CMV Pneumonia in the Development of Obliterative Bronchiolitis in Heart-Lung and Double-Lung Transplant Recipients. Transpl Int., 242\u2013245.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77423-2_77"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12732","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12732","article-title":"Burden of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A National Matched Cohort Study in An Inpatient Setting","volume":"19","author":"Hakimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03663.x","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Replication Within the Lung Allograft Is Associated with Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Paraskeva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200104270-00010","article-title":"Risk Factors for Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation: A Report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS)","volume":"71","author":"Dharnidharka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz194","article-title":"Different Impact of rATG Induction on CMV Infection Risk in D+R\u2212 and R+ KTRs","volume":"220","author":"Kaminski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00532.x","article-title":"Choice of Induction Regimens on the Risk of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Donor-Positive and Recipient-Negative Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"12","author":"Luan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.83","article-title":"New Strategies for Prevention and Therapy of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"13","author":"Sia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2004.00505.x","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus and Lung Transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Zamora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2015.09.070","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection and Rates of Antiviral Resistance Following Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation","volume":"48","author":"Ambrose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1086\/324516","article-title":"Allograft Rejection Predicts the Occurrence of Late-Onset Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease among CMV-Mismatched Solid Organ Transplant Patients Receiving Prophylaxis with Oral Ganciclovir","volume":"184","author":"Razonable","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03074.x","article-title":"The Efficacy and Safety of 200 Days Valganciclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in High-Risk Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"10","author":"Humar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01413.x","article-title":"Prophylactic Versus Preemptive Oral Valganciclovir for the Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients","volume":"6","author":"Khoury","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"CD005133","article-title":"Pre-Emptive Treatment for Cytomegalovirus Viraemia to Prevent Cytomegalovirus Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"2013","author":"Owers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1086\/319225","article-title":"Preemptive Therapy Versus Universal Prophylaxis with Ganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2007.02133.x","article-title":"Improvement in Long-Term Renal Graft Survival due to CMV Prophylaxis with Oral Ganciclovir: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"8","author":"Kliem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2007.02031.x","article-title":"Valacyclovir Prophylaxis Versus Preemptive Valganciclovir Therapy to Prevent Cytomegalovirus Disease After Renal Transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Reischig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318238dab3","article-title":"Valganciclovir Prophylaxis Versus Preemptive Therapy in Cytomegalovirus-Positive Renal Allograft Recipients: 1-Year Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"93","author":"Witzke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12388","article-title":"Impact of Antiviral Preventive Strategies on the Incidence and Outcomes of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"13","author":"Manuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3138","article-title":"Effect of Preemptive Therapy vs. Antiviral Prophylaxis on Cytomegalovirus Disease in Seronegative Liver Transplant Recipients with Seropositive Donors: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"323","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7094","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7094","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoproteins B and H Are Necessary for TLR2 Activation in Permissive Cells","volume":"177","author":"Boehme","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.06.018","article-title":"Serum Antibody Response to the gH\/gL\/pUL128\u2013131 Five-Protein Complex of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in Primary and Reactivated HCMV Infections","volume":"52","author":"Genini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Britt, W.J., Vugler, L., Butfiloski, E.J., and Stephens2, E.B. (2021, March 30). Cell Surface Expression of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Gp55-116 (GB): Use of HCMV-Recombinant Vaccinia Virus-Infected Cells in Analysis of the Human Neutralizing Antibody Response Downloaded From. Available online: http:\/\/jvi.asm.org\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.5.1713","article-title":"Antibodies are not Essential for the Resolution of Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection but Limit Dissemination of Recurrent Virus","volume":"179","author":"Lucin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800224115","article-title":"Protection from Cytomegalovirus Viremia Following Glycoprotein B Vaccination is not Dependent on Neutralizing Antibodies","volume":"115","author":"Baraniak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25225","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-Specific T Cell but not Neutralizing or IgG Binding Antibody Responses to Glycoprotein Complexes gB, gHgLgO, and pUL128L Correlate with Protection Against high HCMV Viral Load Reactivation in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"90","author":"Lilleri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03448.x","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Active Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections after Organ Transplantation","volume":"94","author":"Boland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.1.16","article-title":"Neutrallzing Antibody Responses to Reinfecting Strains of Cytomegalovirus in Transplant Recipients","volume":"160","author":"Chou","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.10.006","article-title":"Donor and Recipient CMV Serostatus and Antigenemia after Renal Transplantation: An Analysis of 486 Patients","volume":"41","author":"Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.00797.x","article-title":"Clinical Utility of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Serology Testing in High-risk CMV D+\/R- Transplant Recipients","volume":"5","author":"Humar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.61.10.3102-3108.1987","article-title":"CD8-positive T Lymphocytes Specific for Murine Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early Antigens Mediate Protective Immunity","volume":"61","author":"Reddehase","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5457","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.11.5457-5464.1990","article-title":"Efficacious Control of Cytomegalovirus Infection after Long-Term Depletion of CD8+ T Lymphocytes","volume":"64","author":"Lucin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343690","article-title":"Adoptive Transfer of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Effector CD4+T Cells Provides Antiviral Protection from Murine CMV Infection","volume":"43","author":"Jeitziner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V78.5.1373.1373","article-title":"Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response to Cytomegalovirus after Human Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation: Pattern of Recovery and Correlation with Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease","volume":"78","author":"Reusser","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1352912","article-title":"Restoration of Viral Immunity in Immunodeficient Humans by the Adoptive Transfer of T cell Clones","volume":"257","author":"Riddell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199510193331603","article-title":"Reconstitution of Cellular Immunity against Cytomegalovirus in Recipients of Allogeneic Bone Marrow by Transfer of T-Cell Clones from the Donor","volume":"333","author":"Walter","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1086\/314879","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV)\u2013Specific T Cell Immunity after Renal Transplantation Mediates Protection from CMV Disease by Limiting the Systemic Virus Load","volume":"180","author":"Reusser","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042384","article-title":"Protection from Cytomegalovirus after Transplantation is Correlated with Immediate Early 1\u2013Specific CD8 T Cells","volume":"201","author":"Bunde","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000030141.41726.52","article-title":"Dominance of Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells in Human Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection","volume":"13","author":"Sester","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.3.754","article-title":"Differentiation of Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Healthy and Immunosuppressed Virus Carriers","volume":"98","author":"Gamadia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03636.x","article-title":"Virologic and Immunologic Monitoring of Cytomegalovirus to Guide Preemptive Therapy in Solid-Organ Transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Gerna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200105150-00018","article-title":"Levels of Virus-Specific CD4 T Cells Correlate with Cytomegalovirus Control and Predict Virus-Induced Disease after Renal Transplantation1","volume":"71","author":"Sester","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-6-29","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus-Specific T-Cell Responses and Viral Replication in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"6","author":"Egli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02425.x","article-title":"Polyfunctional Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD4+ and pp65 CD8+ T Cells Protect Against High-Level Replication After Liver Transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Nebbia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-08-2502","article-title":"Primary Immune Responses to Human CMV: A Critical Role for IFN-\u03b3\u2013Producing CD4+ T Cells in Protection Against CMV Disease","volume":"101","author":"Gamadia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.11.3916","article-title":"Infusion of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)\u2013Specific T Cells for the Treatment of CMV Infection not Responding to Antiviral Chemotherapy","volume":"99","author":"Einsele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-08","article-title":"Immunobiology of Human Cytomegalovirus: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"22","author":"Crough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2006.00199.x","article-title":"Ex Vivo Monitoring of Human Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Responses Using QuantiFERON\u00ae-CMV","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2021, March 30). Available online: https:\/\/www.quantiferon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/QuantiFERONCMVBrochure.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis993","article-title":"Assessment of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity for the Prediction of Cytomegalovirus Disease in High-Risk Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Cohort Study","volume":"56","author":"Manuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02618.x","article-title":"Cell-Mediated Immunity to Predict Cytomegalovirus Disease in High-Risk Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00563-13","article-title":"Immunosorbent Spot and CMV Quantiferon Gamma Interferon-Releasing Assays in Assessing Risk of CMV Infection in Kidney","volume":"51","author":"Abate","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12049","article-title":"Pretransplant Interferon-\u03b3 Secretion by CMV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Informs the Risk of CMV Replication After Transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Lara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altaf, M., Lineburg, K., Crooks, P., Rehan, S., Matthews, K.K., Neller, M.A., Ambalathingal, G.R., Sinha, D., Grant, M., and Hopkins, P.M.A. (2020). Pretransplant Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cellular Immunity and Risk of Viral Reactivation Following Lung Transplantation: A Prospective Cohort Study. J. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa750"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lack of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Response Using QuantiFERON-CMV Assay in CMV-Seropositive Healthy Volunteers: Fact not Artifact","volume":"10","author":"Aguado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-011-9603-x","article-title":"Hemodialysis Affects Phenotype and Proliferation of CD4-Positive T Lymphocytes","volume":"32","author":"Lisowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2009.00942.x","article-title":"Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure Patients Normalizes Altered Phenotype and Proliferation of CD4-positive T Lymphocytes","volume":"34","author":"Lisowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.08.010","article-title":"Cirrhosis-Associated Immune Dysfunction: Distinctive Features and Clinical Relevance","volume":"61","author":"Albillos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2021, March 30). T-Track CMV\u2014Cytomegalovirus In Vitro Diagnostic. Available online: https:\/\/www.lophius.com\/products\/t-track-cmv-elispot-kit."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15315","article-title":"A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study of Cell-Mediated Immunity as a Predictor for Cytomegalovirus Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Cellular Immunity to Predict the Risk of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Kidney Transplantation: A Prospective, Interventional, Multicenter Clinical Trial","volume":"71","author":"Jarque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1086\/654931","article-title":"Evaluation of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)\u2013Specific T Cell Immune Reconstitution Revealed That Baseline Antiviral Immunity, Prophylaxis, or Preemptive Therapy but not Antithymocyte Globulin Treatment Contribute to CMV-Specific T Cell Reconstitution in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"202","author":"Abate","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.00871.x","article-title":"Differences in CMV-Specific T-Cell Levels and Long-Term Susceptibility to CMV Infection after Kidney, Heart and Lung Transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Sester","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12417","article-title":"Effect of Long-Term Prophylaxis in the Development of Cytomegalovirus-Specific T-Cell Immunity in D+\/R\u2212 Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"17","author":"Navarro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.06.012","article-title":"Prevention Strategies Differentially Modulate the Impact of Cytomegalovirus Replication on CD8+ T-Cell Differentiation in High-Risk Solid Organ Transplant Patients","volume":"132","author":"Montejo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.11.002","article-title":"Monitoring of CMV-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity in Kidney Transplant Recipients With a High Risk of CMV Disease (D+\/R\u2212): A Case Series","volume":"52","author":"Andreani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01040-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01040-17","article-title":"Monitoring of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity in Heart Transplant Recipients: Clinical Utility of the QuantiFERON-CMV Assay for Management of Posttransplant CMV Infection","volume":"56","author":"Chiereghin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002454","article-title":"A Randomized Study of Quantiferon CMV-directed Versus Fixed-duration Valganciclovir Prophylaxis to Reduce Late CMV After Lung Transplantation","volume":"103","author":"Westall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.01.001","article-title":"QuantiFERON-CMV Guided Virostatic Prophylaxis after Heart Transplantation","volume":"39","author":"Poglajen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14347","article-title":"An Interventional Study Using Cell-Mediated Immunity to Personalize Therapy for Cytomegalovirus Infection After Transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15793","article-title":"Monitoring of CMV-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity with a Commercial ELISA-Based Interferon-\u03b3 Release Assay in Kidney Transplant Recipients Treated with Antithymocyte Globulin","volume":"20","author":"Parra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"2386","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 Release Assay for Cytomegalovirus (IGRA-CMV) for Risk Stratification of Posttransplant CMV Infection: Is It Time to Apply IGRA-CMV in Routine Clinical Practice?","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu589","article-title":"Preformed Frequencies of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)\u2013Specific Memory T and B Cells Identify Protected CMV-Sensitized Individuals Among Seronegative Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"59","author":"Crespo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e315","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001825","article-title":"CMV-Specific T Cell Monitoring Offers Superior Risk Stratification of CMV-Seronegative Kidney Transplant Recipients of a CMV-Seropositive Donor","volume":"101","author":"Schachtner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanouzas, D., Small, A., Borrows, R., and Ball, S. (2018). Assessment of the T-SPOT.CMV Interferon-\u03b3 Release Assay in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Single Center Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193968"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e472","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002421","article-title":"CMV-specific Cell-mediated Immunity at 3-month Prophylaxis Withdrawal Discriminates D+\/R+ Kidney Transplants at Risk of Late-onset CMV Infection Regardless the Type of Induction Therapy","volume":"102","author":"Jarque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Park, K.H., Ryu, J.H., Choi, A.-R., Hyun, P.K., Lim, J., Ha, C.B., Kim, S.I., Yang, C.W., and Chung, B.H. (2017). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Immune Monitoring with ELISPOT and QuantiFERON-CMV Assay in Seropositive Kidney Transplant Recipients. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189488"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donadeu, L., Revilla-L\u00f3pez, E., Jarque, M., Crespo, E., Torija, A., Bravo, C., Arcos, I.L., Meneghini, M., Fav\u00e0, A., and Rom\u00e1n, A. (2020). CMV-specific Cell-Mediated Immunity Predicts High level of CMV Replication after Prophylaxis withdrawal in Lung Transplant Recipients. J. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa727"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0733OC","article-title":"Polyfunctional T-Cell Signatures to Predict Protection from Cytomegalovirus after Lung Transplantation","volume":"193","author":"Snyder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, R., Saharia, K., Chandorkar, A., Weiss, Z.F., Vieira, K., Koo, S., and Farmakiotis, D. (2020). Correction to: Clinical Experience with a Novel Assay Measuring Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cell Immunity by Flow Cytometry and Intracellular Cytokine Staining to Predict Clinically Significant CMV Events. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4848-8"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04339.x","article-title":"Late-Onset Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Lung Transplant Recipients: Can CMV Serostatus Guide the Duration of Prophylaxis?","volume":"13","author":"Schoeppler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000438197.38413.f2","article-title":"Risk Factors for Late-Onset Cytomegalovirus Infection or Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"97","author":"Jamal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12256","article-title":"Pretransplant Immediately Early-1-Specific T Cell Responses Provide Protection for CMV Infection After Kidney Transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Bestard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2018.09.004","article-title":"CMV Specific T Cell Immunity Predicts Early Viremia after Liver Transplantation","volume":"51","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030648","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030648","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Reduced Duration Prophylaxis followed by Immuno-Guided Prophylaxis to Prevent Cytomegalovirus Disease in Lung Transplant Recipients (CYTOCOR STUDY): An Open-Label, Randomised, Non-Inferiority Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Cantisan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"195","article-title":"Comparison of the T-Cell Response to Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as Detected by Cytokine Flow Cytometry and QuantiFERON-CMV Assay in HCMV-Seropositive Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"41","author":"Gabanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02617.x","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes of CMV Disease Treatment with Valganciclovir Versus IV Ganciclovir in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"9","author":"Humar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3062.2000.020102.x","article-title":"Prevention Dof Recurrent Cytomegalovirus Disease in Renal and Liver Transplant Recipients: Effect of Oral Ganciclovir","volume":"2","author":"Turgeon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1086\/342601","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Virus Load Kinetics to Predict Recurrent Disease in Solid-Organ Transplant Patients with CMV Disease","volume":"186","author":"Humar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/5\/875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:00:34Z","timestamp":1760162434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/5\/875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11050875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11050875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]}}}