{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:59:20Z","timestamp":1768093160505,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the central retina, with no suitable biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to find potential diagnostic biomarker candidates for AMD and investigate their immune-related roles in this pathology. Weight gene correlation analysis was first performed based on data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and 20 hub genes were identified. The functional enrichment analyses showed that the innate immune response, inflammatory response, and complement activation were key pathways associated with AMD. Complement C1s (C1S), adrenomedullin (ADM), and immediate early response 5 like (IER5L) were identified as the crucial genes with favorable diagnostic values for AMD by using LASSO analysis and multiple logistic regression. Furthermore, a 3-gene model was constructed and proved to be of good diagnostic and predictive performance for AMD (AUC = 0.785, 0.840, and 0.810 in training, test, and validation set, respectively). Finally, CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells in AMD tissues. The results showed that the NK cells, CD4 memory T cell activation, and macrophage polarization may be involved in the AMD process. C1S, ADM, and IER5L were correlated with the infiltration of the above immune cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that C1S, ADM, and IER5L are promising diagnostic biomarker candidates for AMD and may regulate the infiltration of immune cells in the occurrence and progression of AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11061079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:30:25Z","timestamp":1623666625000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers and Their Correlation with Immune Infiltration in Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0593-4542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changzheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5534-1951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiqiao","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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