{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:54:25Z","timestamp":1783605265567,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early amniocentesis (EA)\u2014before 15 gestational weeks\u2014is not recommended because of a high rate of miscarriages. Most studies performed amniocentesis at very early stages of pregnancy (11\u201313 weeks of gestational age). However, amniocentesis performed at 14 gestational weeks could be an important alternative to mid-trimester amniocentesis (MA) because it shortens the time period between the screening (non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT)) and the diagnostic test (amniocentesis). This study aimed to compare the procedure-related risk of miscarriage between MA (15 + 0 to 17 + 6 weeks of gestational age) and EA (14 + 0\u20136 weeks of gestational age). This is a multicentric, retrospective cohort study from 1 January 2007 to 21 November 2018, comparing the MA to the EA cohort. Procedure-related fetal loss is defined as spontaneous abortion occurring within 4 weeks of the procedure. Multiple gestations, amniocenteses performed after 17 or before 14 weeks, indications other than prenatal genetic diagnoses and procedures performed by less experienced gynaecologists were excluded. Complete outcome data were available for 1107 out of 1515 women (73.1%): 809 (69.9%) in the MA and 298 (83.2%) in the EA cohort. No significant difference was found (EA 0.82% vs. MA 0.36%; p = 0.646). The difference was 0.46% (odds ratio = 0.673; 95% confidence interval = 0.123\u20133.699). This study found no significant difference in the procedure-related risk of miscarriage when EA was compared to MA. EA might be considered a safe alternative, though further research is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11061098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T10:27:07Z","timestamp":1623839227000},"page":"1098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Difference in Procedure-Related Risk of Miscarriage between Early and Mid-Trimester Amniocentesis: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kelly","family":"Steinfort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antwerp University Hospital, UZA, ASTARC Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Van Houtven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antwerp University Hospital, UZA, ASTARC Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Jacquemyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antwerp University Hospital, UZA, ASTARC Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Antwerp University Hospital, UZA, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Blaumeiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital, UZA, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3102-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Loquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Augustinus Hospital, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Practice Bulletins\u2014Obstetrics, Committee on Genetics, and Society for Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine (2016). Practice Bulletin No. 162: Prenatal Diagnostic Testing for Genetic Disorders. Obstet. Gynecol., 127, e108\u2013e122.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001405"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91218-3","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4606 low-risk women","volume":"1","author":"Tabor","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2","article-title":"Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling","volume":"8","author":"Alfirevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"R. Coll. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14636","article-title":"Procedure-related risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Akolekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obs. Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15945","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines: Invasive procedures for prenatal diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Ghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obs. Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1053\/beog.2000.0102","article-title":"What invasive procedure to use in early pregnancy?","volume":"14","author":"Jauniaux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Baillieres Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obs. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000128049.73556.fb","article-title":"Late first-trimester invasive prenatal diagnosis: Results of an international randomized trial","volume":"103","author":"Philip","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Canadian Early and Mid-trimester Amniocentesis Trial (CEMAT) Group (1998). Randomised trial to assess safety and fetal outcome of early and midtrimester amniocentesis. Lancet, 351, 242\u2013247.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)12346-7"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02449-5","article-title":"Randomised study of risk of fetal loss related to early amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling","volume":"350","author":"Sundberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000271995","article-title":"Update on procedure-related risks for prenatal diagnosis techniques","volume":"27","author":"Tabor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000278820.54029.e3","article-title":"Procedure-related complications of amniocentesis and chorionic villous sampling: A systematic review","volume":"110","author":"Mujezinovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Loquet, P.F.A., Hauspy, J., Kollen, M., Vegter, M., and Dirks, M. (1991, January 6\u201310). The Psychological Advantages of Advancing the Gestational age for Amniocentesis. Proceedings of the 1st World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30205-X","article-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis Procedures and Techniques to Obtain a Diagnostic Fetal Specimen or Tissue: Maternal and Fetal Risks and Benefits","volume":"37","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Obs. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000264440","article-title":"The early amniocentesis study: A randomized clinical trial of early amniocentesis and midtrimester amniocentesis. II. Evaluation of procedure details and neonatal congenital anomalies","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32501-4","article-title":"Mid-trimester amniocentesis fetal loss rate","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Obs. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199908)19:8<732::AID-PD624>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Technical factors in early amniocentesis predict adverse outcome. Results of the Canadian Early (EA) versus Mid-trimester (MA) Amniocentesis Trial","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2014.02.002","article-title":"Implementation of genomic arrays in prenatal diagnosis: The Belgian approach to meet the challenges","volume":"57","author":"Vanakker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/6\/1098\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:16:40Z","timestamp":1760163400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/11\/6\/1098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics11061098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11061098","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]}}}