{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:06:26Z","timestamp":1760234786897,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perioperative stress detection in children with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly in the brain, is still limited. Among biomarkers, \u03b3-amino-aminobutyric acid (GABA) assessment in biological fluids appears to be promising for its regulatory action on the cardiovascular and cerebral systems. We aimed to investigate cyanotic (C) or non-cyanotic (N) CHD children for GABA blood level changes in the perioperative period. We conducted an observational study in 68 CHD infants (C: n = 33; N: n = 35) who underwent perioperative clinical, standard laboratory and monitoring parameter recordings and GABA assessment. Blood samples were drawn at five predetermined time-points before, during and after surgery. No significant perioperative differences were observed between groups in clinical and laboratory parameters. In C, perioperative GABA levels were significantly lower than N. Arterial oxygen saturation and blood concentration significantly differed between C and N children and correlated at cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) time-point with GABA levels. The present data showing higher hypoxia\/hyperoxia-mediated GABA concentrations in C children suggest that they are more prone to perioperative cardiovascular and brain stress\/damage. The findings suggest the usefulness of further investigations to detect the \u201coptimal\u201d oxygen concentration target in order to avoid the side effects associated with re-oxygenation during CPB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T04:24:36Z","timestamp":1624508676000},"page":"1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Perioperative GABA Blood Concentrations in Infants with Cyanotic and Non-Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Satriano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Varrica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Frigiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Graziosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, 65100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Di Battista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, 65100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adele Patrizia","family":"Primavera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, 65100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Centini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, C. Arrigo Children\u2019s Hospital Alessandria, 15100 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1904-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Maconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, C. Arrigo Children\u2019s Hospital Alessandria, 15100 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Strozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, C. Arrigo Children\u2019s Hospital Alessandria, 15100 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio D. W.","family":"Gavilanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Child Neurology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc J.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Child Neurology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans J. S.","family":"Vles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Child Neurology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Gazzolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, 65100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.02.074","article-title":"Factors influencing neurologic outcome after neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass: What we can and cannot control","volume":"81","author":"Hsia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. 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