{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:04:43Z","timestamp":1793135083637,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and aim: AZOOR is a rare disease characterized by loss of zones of outer retinal function, first described by J Donald Gass in 1993. Symptoms include acute onset photopsias and subjective visual field losses. The syndrome is characterized by a normal fundus appearance, scotomas and electroretinographic changes pointing towards outer retinal dysfunction. Evolution, response to immunosuppressive treatment and outcome are difficult to predict. The aim of this small case series was to identify the morphological changes and sequence of events in AZOOR thanks to multimodal imaging. Methods: Charts of AZOOR patients seen in the Centre for Ophthalmic Specialized care (COS, Lausanne, Switzerland) were analyzed by multimodal imaging including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), blue light fundus autofluorescence (BL-FAF) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in addition to a complete ophthalmological examination including visual field testing and microperimetry, as well as OCT angiography (OCT-A) and ganglion-cell complex analysis when available. Cases and Results: Three AZOOR patients with a mean follow-up of 47 \u00b1 25.5 months were included following the clinical definitions laid down by J Donald Gass. The primary damage was identified at the level of the photoreceptor outer segments with an intact choriocapillaris and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer, these structures being only secondarily involved with progression of the disease. Conclusion: Although AZOOR has often been included within white dot syndromes, some of which are now known to be choriocapillaris diseases (choriocapillaritis entities), our findings clearly commend to differentiate AZOOR from entities such as MEWDS (Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome), APMPPE (Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy), MFC (Multifocal Choroiditis) and others, as the damage to photoreceptors is primary in AZOOR (a retinopathy) and secondary in choriocapillaritis (a choriocapillaropathy).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T10:52:46Z","timestamp":1624963966000},"page":"1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR) Results from a Clinicopathological Mechanism Different from Choriocapillaritis Diseases: A Multimodal Imaging Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Carl P.","family":"Herbort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal and Inflammatory Eye Diseases, Centre for Ophthalmic Specialised Care (COS), Clinic Montchoisi Teaching Centre, 1006 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilir","family":"Arapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre \u201cMother Teresa\u201d, 1000 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8930-5112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Papasavvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal and Inflammatory Eye Diseases, Centre for Ophthalmic Specialised Care (COS), Clinic Montchoisi Teaching Centre, 1006 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1695-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Valduce Hospital, 22100 Como, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Jeannin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal and Inflammatory Eye Diseases, Centre for Ophthalmic Specialised Care (COS), Clinic Montchoisi Teaching Centre, 1006 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy. 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