{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:28:16Z","timestamp":1790116096485,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004530","name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Universiti Putra Malaysia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Universiti Putra Malaysia"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer has been reported to have the highest survival rate among various cancers. However, breast cancer survivors face several challenges following breast cancer treatment including breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL), sexual dysfunction, and psychological distress. This study aimed to investigate the potential risk factors of BCRL in long term breast cancer survivors. A total of 160 female breast cancer subjects were recruited on a voluntary basis and arm lymphedema was assessed through self-reporting of diagnosis, arm circumference measurement, and ultrasound examination. A total of 33\/160 or 20.5% of the women developed BCRL with significantly higher scores for upper extremity disability (37.14 \u00b1 18.90 vs. 20.08 \u00b1 15.29, p &lt; 0.001) and a lower score for quality of life (103.91 \u00b1 21.80 vs. 115.49 \u00b1 16.80, p = 0.009) as compared to non-lymphedema cases. Univariate analysis revealed that multiple surgeries (OR = 5.70, 95% CI: 1.21\u201326.8, p &lt; 0.001), axillary lymph nodes excision (&gt;10) (OR = 2.83, 95% CI: 0.94\u20138.11, p = 0.047), being overweight (\u226525 kg\/m2) (OR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.04 \u2013 6.38, p = 0.036), received fewer post-surgery rehabilitation treatment (OR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.05\u20135.39, p = 0.036) and hypertension (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.01\u20135.62, p = 0.043) were associated with an increased risk of BCRL. Meanwhile, multivariate analysis showed that multiple surgeries remained significant and elevated the likelihood of BCRL (OR = 5.83, 95% CI: 1.14\u201329.78, p = 0.034). Arm swelling was more prominent in the forearm area demonstrated by the highest difference of arm circumference measurement when compared to the upper arm (2.07 \u00b1 2.48 vs. 1.34 \u00b1 1.91 cm, p &lt; 0.001). The total of skinfold thickness of the affected forearm was also significantly higher than the unaffected arms (p &lt; 0.05) as evidenced by the ultrasound examination. The continuous search for risk factors in specific populations may facilitate the development of a standardized method to reduce the occurrence of BCRL and provide better management for breast cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T23:19:51Z","timestamp":1626823191000},"page":"1303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Assessment of Potential Risk Factors and Skin Ultrasound Presentation Associated with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema in Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Khairunnisa\u2019 Md","family":"Yusof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Avery-Kiejda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shafinah","family":"Ahmad Suhaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najwa","family":"Ahmad Zamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-2642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ehsan Fitri","family":"Rusli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozi","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraini Mohd","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahad","family":"Abdul Wahhab Ibraheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozita","family":"Rosli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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