{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T22:03:08Z","timestamp":1764194588439,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HD065767","1R01HD102545-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HD065767","1R01HD102545-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and mucolipidosis (ML II\/III) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) that occur due to a dysfunction of the lysosomal hydrolases responsible for the catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, ML is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme uridine-diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine:lysosomal-enzyme-N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase, EC2.7.8.17), which tags lysosomal enzymes with a mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) marker for transport to the lysosome. A timely diagnosis of MPS and ML can lead to appropriate therapeutic options for patients. To improve the accuracy of diagnosis for MPS and ML in a high-risk population, we propose a combination method based on known biomarkers, enzyme activities, and specific GAGs. We measured five lysosomal enzymes (\u03b1-L-iduronidase (MPS I), iduronate-2-sulfatase (MPS II), \u03b1-N-acetylglucosaminidase (MPS IIIB), N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (MPS IVA), and N-acetylglucosamine-4-sulfatase (MPS VI)) and five GAGs (two kinds of heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and two kinds of keratan sulfate (KS)) in dried blood samples (DBS) to diagnose suspected MPS patients by five-plex enzyme and simultaneous five GAGs assays. We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) for both assays. These combined assays were tested for 43 patients with suspected MPS and 103 normal control subjects. We diagnosed two MPS I, thirteen MPS II, one MPS IIIB, three MPS IVA, two MPS VI, and six ML patients with this combined method, where enzymes, GAGs, and clinical manifestations were compatible. The remaining 16 patients were not diagnosed with MPS or ML. The five-plex enzyme assay successfully identified MPS patients from controls. Patients with MPS I, MPS II, and MPS IIIB had significantly elevated HS and DS levels in DBS. Compared to age-matched controls, patients with ML and MPS had significantly elevated mono-sulfated KS and di-sulfated KS levels. The results indicated that the combination method could distinguish these affected patients with MPS or ML from healthy controls. Overall, this study has shown that this combined method is effective and can be implemented in larger populations, including newborn screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1627388311000},"page":"1347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidoses and Mucolipidosis by Assaying Multiplex Enzymes and Glycosaminoglycans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nivethitha","family":"Arunkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours\/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"},{"name":"College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19803, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dung Chi","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetics, Center for Rare Disease and Newborn Screening, National Children\u2019s Hospital, Lathanh, Dongda, Hanoi 18\/879, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaukat","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours\/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thi Bich","family":"Ngoc Can","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetics, Center for Rare Disease and Newborn Screening, National Children\u2019s Hospital, Lathanh, Dongda, Hanoi 18\/879, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Oguni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Division, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto 604-8442, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Misa","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto 604-8442, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Taketani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Ago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2890-0305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidenori","family":"Ohnishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sampurna","family":"Saikia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours\/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"},{"name":"College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19803, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 V.","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours\/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0673-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunji","family":"Tomatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours\/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"},{"name":"College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19803, USA"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetics, Center for Rare Disease and Newborn Screening, National Children\u2019s Hospital, Lathanh, Dongda, Hanoi 18\/879, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2015.09.007","article-title":"Obstructive airway in Morquio A syndrome, the past, the present and the future","volume":"117","author":"Tomatsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. 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