{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:35:06Z","timestamp":1789684506302,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2042021kf0182, Wuhan University"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2042021kf0182, Wuhan University"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wuhan Young and Middle-aged Medical Talents Training Program","award":["No. [2019]87"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. [2019]87"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenoid hypertrophy may lead to pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and mouth breathing. The routine screening of adenoid hypertrophy in dental practice is helpful for preventing relevant craniofacial and systemic consequences. The purpose of this study was to develop an automated assessment tool for adenoid hypertrophy based on artificial intelligence. A clinical dataset containing 581 lateral cephalograms was used to train the convolutional neural network (CNN). According to Fujioka\u2019s method for adenoid hypertrophy assessment, the regions of interest were defined with four keypoint landmarks. The adenoid ratio based on the four landmarks was used for adenoid hypertrophy assessment. Another dataset consisting of 160 patients\u2019 lateral cephalograms were used for evaluating the performance of the network. Diagnostic performance was evaluated with statistical analysis. The developed system exhibited high sensitivity (0.906, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.750\u20130.980), specificity (0.938, 95% CI: 0.881\u20130.973) and accuracy (0.919, 95% CI: 0.877\u20130.961) for adenoid hypertrophy assessment. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.987 (95% CI: 0.974\u20131.000). These results indicated the proposed assessment system is able to assess AH accurately. The CNN-incorporated system showed high accuracy and stability in the detection of adenoid hypertrophy from children\u2019 lateral cephalograms, implying the feasibility of automated adenoid hypertrophy screening utilizing a deep neural network model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:51:07Z","timestamp":1627854667000},"page":"1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Automated Adenoid Hypertrophy Assessment with Lateral Cephalometry in Children Based on Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0167-0028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Center for Evidence-Based Stomatology, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.001","article-title":"Prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. 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